Chapter6.pdf

Managing

 

organ菌zation副

Change

圏人4zANAGINGORGANIZATIONALCHANGE:A MULTIPLEPERSPECTNrESAPPROACH,FOURTHEDITION

PublishedbyMcGrawHilILLC,1325AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NYIO121.Copyright◎2022byM【cGrawHilILLC.Ailrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Previouseditions◎2017,2009,and2006.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinany危rmorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenconsentofN1cGrawHilILLC,including,butnotlimitedto,inanynetworkorotherelectronicstorageortransmission,orbroadcast危rdistancelearning.

Someancillaries,includingelectronicandprintcomponents,maynotbeavailabletocustomersoutsidetheUnitedStates.

Thisbookisprintedonacid‐freepaper.

123456789LCR24232221

1SBN978‐1‐260‐04371‐6(boundedition)MHID1‐260‐04371‐1(boundedition)ISBN978‐1‐264‐07161…6(looseleafedition)MHID1‐264‐07161‐2(looseleafedition)

ExecutivePort危lioManager:八のd7”e/”斜婚期解かProductDeveloper:Lのび”″”なrs〃〆/N[arketing~lanager:乙′sqGr研7gerContentPrqiectManagers:M司郎sα肌 乙eたた,βmceG′′7Buyer:Lqzザロ月′//erDesigner:脳毎“D′”′’70′7dContentLicensingSPecialist:G′′74〇わerbroec彪ノ′7gcoverlmage:旦zFZX/Ge′伊方77αgescompositor:月″mm◎,力に.

AJ1creditsappearingonpageorat【heendofthebookareconsideredtobeanextensionofthecopyrightPage.

LibraryofCongressCataloging-in‐PublicationData

Names:Palmer,lan,1957‐author一 Dunめrd,Richard,author,-Buchanan,

 

DavidA,,author.Title:Managingorganizationalchange:amultipleperspectivesapproach/

 

lanPalmer,RichardDun危rd,DavidA,Buchanan.Description:Fourthedition.INewYork,N‐Y:McG‐rawHilIEducation,[2022]

 

1lncludesindex.ldentifiers:LCCN2020031288(print)iLCCN2020031289(ebook)1ISBN

 

9781260043716(hardcover)1ISBN‐9781264071616(spiralbound)1ISBN‐

 

9781264071531(ebook)1ISBN9781264071579(ebookother)Su鰯ects:LCSH:organizationalchange.l

 

organizationalchange-Management.C1assification;LCCHD58.8.P3472022(print)ILCCHD58,8(ebook)I

 

DDC

 

658.4/06一dc23LCrecordavailableathttps:/”ccn.loc.gov/2020031288Lcebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn,loc,gov/2020031289

Thelnternetaddresseslistedinthetextwereaccurateatthetimeofpublication.Theinclusionofawebsitedoesnotindicateanendorsementby【heauthorsorN1cGrawHilILLC,and~【cGrawHilILLCdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthein危rmationpresentedatthesesites.

mheducation,con・/highered

DEDIICATIION$

From lan

        

下O Dianne, Matthew,and Michelle

From Richard

     

下o Jill,Nick,and AIーy

From

 

DaVid

      

下o Lesley With1oVe-andthanks

A‘know彪dgments

A number ofpeople havecontributedtothisedition,and we owethem alladebtof

gratitude,including Francis Adeola, UniversityofNew orleans; Terrence R‐,Bishop,Northern

 

lllinois

 

University; Frederick

 

Brock〕m‐eier, Northern

 

Kentucky

 

University;

LesleyBu‐chanan;andJames Cornwell,U,S.MilitaryAcademy,晒/emustalsothankthe

manychange managers-too

 

manyto name-with whom we have

 

exploredtheissues

addressedinthisbook,あrtheirtime,theirinsights,andtheirwillingnesstosharetheir

experlenceswithus.

IV

Chapter

Purpose and Vision

Learning objectives

Bytheendofthischapteryoushouldbeableto:

璽璽圃

 

Exp-aintheargumentsforandagainsttheconceptsofpurpose{ormission}

andvisionandhow approachestotheseissuesdependontheimageof

managingorganizationalchange.

圏鞭国璽コ

 

Exp-aintheva-ueofac1earorganizationa-purposeormissionstatement・

圏麗圏圏

 

1dentifythecharacteristicsofeffectivev-s1ons.

璽璽 園

 

App-ydifferentmethodsandprocessesfordeve1opingv-s1ons・

顔圏圏

 

Exp1ainwhysomev1s1onsfai1.

璽璽圏

 

Exp-ainthecontributionofpurposeandvisiontoorganiZationa1change・

”アわβ′soneWyeor.AneW

beg′“n′ng.And「わ′ngsw′/′

Chonge.”

Taylorswift,singer

175

176 chapter6

 

乃〃posed′7メメお′の?

r璽震璽麗圃

 

Missions and Visions:FundamentalorFads?

Thereisconfusion betWeentheterms“7Zsszo′7,Pz!′Pose,and 諺鱒○′?.ハ4issionsandvisions

aredifficulttodisentangle,FormLostcommentators,missionstatementsconcerntheover-

ridingpz〃poseoftheorganization(Quinnand Thakor,2018).Broadly,theyanswerthe

question,“粥?の ろ那′′?essα〆e we“″“Vision,in contrast,concernsthe方′zz′〆eszα『eofthe

organization,anaspirationthatcan mobilizetheenergyandpassionoftheorganization’s

memLbers,Visionsanswerthequestion, iン77餌dowe wの営 め αc膚eye As missionstate-

mentsconcerntheorganization’spurpose,theyareaction‐oriented,Visions,incontrast,

describeanultimategoal(Kolowich,2019):

ルメなsZo′7:VVarbyparker

のsわ′?:A1zheimer’s Association

 

Thesearethedef=mtionsofmission(purpose)andvision(鏡tureaspiration)thatwewill

useintmschapter,u!ewmusetheterms′77!ss!の?and駆″poseto meanthesamethゴmg,Both

印dssionsandvisionscandriveorganizationalchange,Thechangemanagementperspectives

exploredinchapterloemphasizetheimportanceofclearmissionsand meaningfulvisions;

weneedtokllow whatbusmess wearein,andifwedodtkllow whereweareheaded,itdoesn’t matterwhichdirection wetake.Butthereisdebateover whethertheconceptsof

missionandvisionare飽ndamentaltoeぼectivechange,orwhetherthesearejust魚ds-items

withwhichtodecoratethereceptionareaatthecompanyheado甘iceandthemside丘ont

pageofannualreports.lfyoudoaGooglesearch あr“missionandvisionstatements,”most

超tswiutakeyouto managementconsultancysiteso爺eringadviceon howto writethese

statements;te唖山gthem apartcanbechallenging-andconfusing.

 

Aswewinsee,missionsandvisionscanbelinkedtostrategyandcompetitiveadvan‐

tage,enhancingorganizationalperformanceandsustaininggrowth.C1earmissionsshould

enable boardsto determine how wellorganizationalleadersare per恥rmingand which

new businessopportunitiestopursue,Visionsshouldhelpstaffidentiル withtheorgani‐

zationandinspirethe motivationtoachievepersonalandcorporateo切ectives,Thepro‐

cessofdetermining missionsand visionscan enhancetheseIEesteem ofthose whoare

involved,becausetheycanseetheoutcomesoftheire”ヨorts.

 

Aconfused mission andalackofvision,ontheotherhand,canbelinkedtoorgani‐

zationaldeclineand魚ilure,Theabsenceofclearandcompelling missionandvision may

Tooぼerdesignereyewearatarevolutionarypr.ce,

whileleadingtheway貴)rsociallyconsciousbusinesses

AworldwithoutAJzheimer’sdisease

lt’shardtoimaginehowyouremployeescanperform

iftheydon’t

 

understand

 

yourcompany’s

 

purpose,Howcantheycometoworkeverydayreadytofur-

therthebusinessiftheydon’tknowwhatyourorga-

nizationistryingtoaccomplishandhowtheirjobssupportthosegoals? etinarecentsurveyofmore

than

 

540

 

employees worldwide

 

conducted

 

bypwc,sstrategyconsultingbusiness,strategy&,only28

 

percent

 

of

 

respondentsreported

 

feelin9

 

fully

motivated,passionate,orexcitedabouttheirjobs.(B1ountandLeinwald,2019,p,134)

connectedtotheircompany’spurpose,Just39per-

centsaidtheycouldcーear-yseethevaーuetheycreate,amere22percentagreedthattheirjobsa-lowthern

tofullyleveragetheirstrengths,andonly34percent

thoughttheystronglycontributetotheircompany’s

success.Morethan

 

ha-fweren’teven“somewhat“

Chapter6

 

Pmposeの7d″おゎ“ 177

e×P1ainwhysomecompanies魚iltoexploittheircorecomPetenciesdespitehavingaccess

toadequateresources.Businessstrategieslackinginpurposeandvisionmay魚iltoidenti

whenorganizationalchangeandafreshdirectionarerequired.Lackofanadequatepro-

cessあrtranslatingsharedvisionintocollectiveaction maybeassociated withthe態iluretoproducetrans云ormationalorganizationalchange.

 

Theconceptofvisionisparticularlypowerful.However,itremainscontroversialand

invitescynlc・sm wheneveryorganizationhasthesameblandvisionthatincludes“excel‐

lence,”“corporateresponsibility,

”“empowered employees,”and “delighted customers.

Aユthoughthereisalotofadviceonhowtodevelop missionsandvisions,thereislittleor no

 

consensus

 

on

 

e爺ective

 

approaches.Some

 

commentators

 

have arguedthatthe

preoccupation withthesestatementshas meantthatthetermshavebeen overusedand

trivializedandareindangeroflosinganyvaluetheymayhavehad.

 

Debatesaroundde賃nitionandsubstancedonotthemselvesinvalidatetheseconcepts.Thechallenge危rthechange manageristoavoidabstractstatementsthatgivelittledetail.ontheotherhand,statementsthat危cusin‐depthonshort‐term goalsarealsooflimited

va1ue,\八′eneedto workbetweenthesetwoextremes,Theseargumentspointtoadeeper

understanding;Thelinksbetween mission,vlslon,and changedependontheimageof

change managementinuse・Table

 

6.・summarizesthe di爺erentunderstandingsofeach

TABLE6コChangeハ4anagementlmage,ハ4isSi0n,aIIdvisi○n:LinksandFocus

lmage

    

Missions/、′isions‐ChangeLink

     

FocusingAttentionon

D′redo「

  

Missions/visionsareessentialto

    

Thereisaneedforclearmissions/visionstodrive

       

successfulchangeand mustbe

     

changelinkedtostrategyandgoaーs.

      

articulatedatanearlystageby

    

Anal〆icalandbenchmarkingprocessesshouldbeused.

       

ーeaders.

                  

Contextaffectstheimpactofmissions/visions.

                             

Thereisatop‐downresponsibilitytote=/se=the

                             

missions/visions.

~ov勾oror

 

Missions/visionsareimportantbut

  

Missions/visionsaretheproductofdebate.

       

canbecompromisedbycompetin9

  

Thechangemanagerhastohandle“mission/vision

        

viewsofdifferentstakehoーders.

    

collision”whencompetinggroupsdisagree.

Core『Qker

 

Externa-forcesshapethechange

   

Visionaryorcharismaticleadershaveーimitedimpact

       

process,and missions/visionsrarely

  

whenmissions/visionsarenotrelatedtotheevents

      

haveamajorinfluence.

       

drivenbythoseexternalforces.

Cooch

    

Missions/visionsemergethroughthe

  

Missions/Visionsemergethroughconsultationand

       

leader’sfacilitationski=s,shaping

    

co‐creation.

       

agendasanddesiredfutures.

      

Missions/visionswi=failwithoutparticipation.

′nferprefer

 

Missions/Visionsarticulatethecore

  

Missions/Visionsaredevelopedintuitivelythrough

       

valuesandideologythatunderpin

   

imageryandimagination,usingframing,scripting,and

       

theor

 

anization’sidentit.

       

sta

 

in

 

techni

 

ues.

178

 

Chapter6

 

P”′poseの74“s′。〃

            

tP0age.Y『oucan usethistabletoidentiぜyhow differentimages 化)cusattention onsome

            

issuesandapproaches,andnotothers.

              

lnthischapter,wewillfirstexploretheconceptoforganizationalmissionorpurpose,

            

whatthismeans,howthisdrivesorganizationalchange,thebene行tsofbeinga“purpose-

           

driven”organization,andthelanguageinwhich mission orpurposestatementsarebest

          

expressed.V▽ewnlthenturntotheconceptofVision,which mayhaveeven moreimpact

            

asadriverofchange,Thisdependsonthecontentofthevisionandtheprocessthrough

       

whichthevisionisdeveloped. Wethenidenti whyvisionscan 魚ilto producetheir

            

desj崖redeがects,Finally,we化)cusonthreecontroversialissuesconcerningtheroleofvision

            

inorganizationalchange,F”st,doesvisioninitiateanddrivechange,ordoesitemerge

            

as

 

changeun賞)lds?

 

Second,doesvision help

 

orhinder

 

change?

 

Third,isvision best

            

understood asan attributeofheroicleadersorofheroic organizations?Theperceptive

            

readerwinnotethatthesedebatesa1soapp1yto missions,butwehaveavoideddup1icating

            

thisdiscusslon・

国璽霊園

 

Mission:VVhy AreVVe Here?

柵1yl)。 W,-,C0・・I〔,tqwo嶋滋三きデー謡

ASmuchaSyoumaytrytomotiVateemployeeSwith

   

workers.Andthemoreyoualigntherightta-ent,op-

slogansorextrinsicrewards,youwon’tachieveex‐

  

erating

 

model,andfinancia-

 

resourcestosupport

Cellence

 

ifyour

 

people

 

don’tknow whytheyare

   

yourpurpose,thebetterableemployeeswillbeto

comingtoworkeverydayatyourfirm.Theclearer

   

de-iveronit.Purposeisthekeytomotivation--and

youcahbeaboutwhatValueyourCompanycreates

   

motivatedemp-oyeesarethekeytorealizingyour

andforwhom,thegreateryourabilitytoinspireyour

  

purpose.(E;lountandLeinwand,2019,p.139)

 

Manyemployees-notjustMinennialsand GenZーWanttoWork あrorganizationswhose

missionsandbusinessphilosophiesresonatewiththemintenectuallyandemotionany(seechapter3).Seniormanagementneedstocommunicatewhythecompanyeぬsts(whatvalue

itcreatesand 危rwhom)ina waythatiseasy あremployeestounderstand.But mission

orPurPosestatements o貴entalkabout”beingthe comPanyofchoice”or”maxl1nlz・ng

shareholdervalue,“Thesevaguestatementsdonotsaywhattheorganizationdoesorwho

itscustomersare.Theconfusionbetween mission,purpose,andvisioncan1eadcompanies

to produceseveraldifferentstatements,causingfurtherconfusion, However,a powerful

statementofPurposemeetstwoo団ectives:clearlyarticulatingstrategicgoalsandincreasing

workaorce motivation,B1ountand Leinwand(2019,P,134)arguethat,to achievethose

o回ectives,purposestatementshavetoanswerquestionssuchas,“粥IQZZSJノ似preαso′?ルr

ex加増p””解?α『1’m乙!eqr琴似gzliz′?顔貌‘だ乙′srome′rand“卿7)ぼり肌′r舟′77m7御′のcのαふた

           

 

1K」EAiso賃encitedasacompanywithaclear messageaboutitspurpose.ltpromises“tocreateabettereverydaylif℃貢)rthemanypeoP1e

“一asdistinct丘omthea]ばluent発w-by“○爺eringawiderangeofwell‐designed,functionalhomefurnishingproductsatPricesso

low thatas manypeople aspossiblewi旦beableto

 

a節ordthem.’’ Henryschein,who

Chapter6 Pmposeの7メメデ瀞。“

 

179

ProvidesProductsandservices食)rmedicalanddentaIPractitioners,alsohasawell‐defined

purpose:‘Toprovideinnovative,integratedhealthcareproductsandservices,andtobetrusted

 

adVisors

 

and

 

consultantsto

 

ourcustomers,enablingthem to deliverthebest

qualitypatientcareandenhancetheirpractice managemente]日目ciencyandpro負tability“

(B1ountandLeinwand,2〇19,P.136)・B1ountandLeinwa1dsuggestthatboardmembers

shouldbeasldngthe managementteamthesequestions:

lfweweretoPutourpurposestatementalongsideacomPetitor’s,couldouremP1oyees

identi~ whichone wasours?

lfweaskedouremployees,how manycouldsay whatourpurPoseis?

DoouremP1oyeeshavetheresourcesrequiredtodeliveronourpromisestocustomers?

Chobani,America’sleadin9Greekyogurtbrand,has

developeda”purposefu-organizationcu-ture.”The

company’s

 

purpose

 

is

 

”betterfoodformore

 

peo-

p-e/’VVorkers

 

in

 

Chobani’s

 

New

 

Vorkfactory

 

are

paid

 

doub-e

 

the

 

m-nlmum

 

wage,and

 

they

 

own

lo

 

percent

 

of

 

thelcompany

 

through

 

its

 

equity-

sharingscheme.Chobani’sfounder,HamdiU1ukaya,believesthat

 

peopletake

 

prideand

 

ownership

 

in

thebrandandaremorehighーymotivatedwhentheyhaveastakeinthecompany.Thebrandalsofunds

start-ups

 

in

 

health

 

and

 

wellness

 

through

 

the

Chobani

 

Foundation

 

and

 

the

 

Chobani

 

lncubator.Chobania-sohiresandsupportsrefugees,incoali-

tionwith80companieswiththesameaim.U1ukaya

says,”Theminutetheygotthejob,tharstheminute

theystoppedbeingrefugees.“Mostemployeesto-

daywantmorethanawage.Milーennialsinparticular

wantto

 

work

 

fororganizations

 

like

 

Chobani

 

that

makea meaningfufcontributiontosociety(based

onMainwairing,2018).

  

ResearchintoraPidlygrowingcompaniesinA立nerica,Europe,andlndiabyM【alnight

etal.(2019,P.72)suggeststhatpurposeisadriveroforganizationalgrowth(alongwith

creatingnew markets,servingbroaderstakeholderneeds,and“changingtherulesofthe

gam ).PurPoseisnotjustadecorativestatement;itcangeneratesustainedProfitable

gro~砿h.They note(p.77)that“acompellingpurPoseclari賃es whatacompanystands

云or,Providesanimpetus化)raction,andisaspirationaL”

 

ForMalnightetal.(2019),purposeP1aystwostrategicroles-bothpotentialdriversof

change.Thefirstroleisだα所用′?gz庇 〆のけ胆力〆α.lnsteadofcomPeting危rashareofa

defined market,high-groWthcomPanies,guidedbytheirpurpose,look化)rother,broader

marketopportunities.Malnightetal.(2019,P.74)citethecontrastbetweenNestlePurina

Petcare,theleadingcompanyinNorthAI1nerica,andハイ【arsPetcare,thegloballeaderinthis

 

sector.The purposeofPurinais“betterwithPets.” Petcare’spurposeis“a better

world化)rpets.“Purinahascontinuedto化)cusonpetfbods.ButM[arsPetcarehasdiveF

sifiedinto

 

pethealth,byinvestingin veterinaryservices,andisnow thelargestand

魚stest‐growingbusinessdivisionin凸darslncorPorated.Thischange workedbecausethetrans免rmation wasconsistentwiththecompany

’scorepurpose.

Find on 質o明記のe,”ChobaniCEO HamdiU1ukaya on how businessescanstep upforrefugees“(2019,

7minutes).

180

 

Chapter6

 

月′′poseα〃α巧s′o′7

              

Thesecondroleisrどぶ方αP!′7g 豹el’α/”eProP餌!Zわ′7.VVhencomPetitionerodes margins,

           

mostorganizationslook食)rinnovativenew Products,services,andbusiness models,This

            

can generate

 

short‐term gains,butthese

 

arelimitedbyeXisting market

 

structures-the

          

“ecosystem”ーin

 

which

 

an

 

organization

 

operates, A purpose‐driven aPProach helpsthe

       

organizationgrowintonewecosystems.Malnightetal.(2019)suggestthattherearethree

           

waysinwhichthisgrowth canhaPPen,byresPondingtotrends,buildingontrust,and

            

“化)cusingonPainpoints“:

            

1,人影sPo′74″7grorだ′7ぬ,SecuritasAB,aSwedishsecuritycompany,o爺eredatraditional

              

securityguard service,Thechanging natureofrisk,risinglaborcosts,and cheaper

              

technology,however,encouragedthe comPanytostartusing electronic

 

securitysys-

              

tems,o爺ering enhanced protection usingremotesurveillance,withdigitalrePorting.

              

Goingbeyondreactive

 

security,in

 

2018

 

the

 

companystartedto

 

develop predictive

          

securitysystems,whichcontinuedtobuildontheircorepurPose,withstrongerclient

          

relationsandhighermargins,

        

2,β駆艦!′7gの7勿‘立Togrowsalesofvehiclefinancmginlargelyuninsuredruralmarkets,

          

Mahindra Financehadtobuildtrustwithnew customers.Thisinvolved determining

          

thecreditworthinessofPoor,initeratecustomers,whohadnobankaccountsorcollat-

          

eral.Thisalso meantsettingup branchesinnewlocationsandrecruitingemployees

          

whocouldsPeaklocaldialectsand work ontheirowninitiative.Thecompanyalso

          

hadtoredesignloans,customeraPprovals,andrePaymentterms,and organizecash

          

rePayments, Havingbuilttrustwiththosecustomers, MahindrastartedtosenequiP‐

          

ment,li篤,andhealthinsuranceto 態rmers,in a marketwhereinsurancePenetration

          

isbelow4Percent.Thisexpansion wasdrivenbythecompanゾspurpose,whichisto

          

improve

 

customers’lives,caPturedbythe word

 

”Rise.“ Thechiefexecutive,Anand

          

Mahindrahopesthatthe

 

company’s purpose “willinspire

 

employees

 

to acceptno

         

limits,thinkalternatively,anddrivepositivechangげ(Malnight,2019,P,75).

         

3. 凡α〃sZ′7g の7Pの′7POZ′?な.lnsearchofother waysto“create abetterworldfbrpets,“

               

M【ars Petcare hasdeveloped waysofdiagnosingandPreventingPethealthproblems.

             

TheyboughtacomPanythatmadesmartco11ars云oractivity monitoringand1ocation

         

trac亙ng Fitbitあrdogs”),Combiningdataanal賃ics,machinelearning,andveterinary

         

expertise,thisapproachidentineschangesinbehaviorthatcouldidentiルhealthprob-

               

1ems,1eadingtoear1ytreatment.

         

Malnightetal.(2019,p.77)suggestthattherearetwoapProachestodefiningcorPo‐

        

ratepurpose:

          

・ Arどかoこめec館形aPProachhasaninternal化)cusandisbasedontheorganization’scurrent

             

reason長)rbeing,basedonitspasthistory,“VVherehavewecome丘om?Howdidwe

         

gethere?”

          

 

A 〃〆。sped/yeaPproachtakesan externalperspectiveandredefinestheorganization’s

             

purPosebyloo超LngForward.“VVhichtrendsal爺ectourbusiness?VVhatnew oPportuni‐

              

tieslieahead?”

              

TheyidentifythreebeneEitstotheorganizationofclarifyingandcommunicatingpur‐

             

pose,F立st,aclearpurPosecanunifytheorganizationandheIPsta甘tounderstandthe

           

directionthattheorganizationista]hng.Second,purposeismotivating.Asalreadynoted,

ChaPter6

 

Pz〃P卵ed′7d鋒sわ′7

 

181

e]ぽIp1oyeesingeneral,andム4i1lennialsinparticular,expecttheir worktoContributetoa

highercause-apurpose-whichcanalsoincreasethetrustthatcustomers,suppliers,and

otherstakeholdersplaceintheorganization.Third,clarityofpurposecanhaveasignificanti・ローpactonorganizationalchangeandperlt)rl・lance.

 

Researchbythe managementconsultingfirm Deloitte(0’Brienetal.,2019,pp.7-8)suggeststhatpurpose‐drivencompanieshave:

strongergainsin marketshare

higherproductivityandgroMhrates

a moresatisfied work云orce

highercustomersatislaction

30percenthigherlevelsofinnovationthantheircompetitors

40percenthigherlevelsofemployeeretentionthantheircompetitors

ln2019,ourconsumersurveyshowedthatprice

and

 

quaーity

 

remain

 

the biggestfactors

 

drivin9

customerdecisions,However,manyofthesame

respondents(55

 

percent) believe

 

businesses

today

 

have

 

 

greater

 

responsibi1ity

 

to

 

act

 

on

issues

 

relatedtotheirpurpose.Thosefai-ingto

dosoriskbeingdisp-acedbypurpose‐drivendis-

ruptors.Forexamp-e,Uni-ever’s28“sustainable

living“brands(i.e.,brandsfocusedonreducin9Unilever’senvironmenta-footprintandincreaslng

socialimpact)suchasDove,Vaseline,andLipton

delivered

 

75

 

percentofthe

 

company’sgrowth

andgrew69percentfasteronavera9ethanthe

restofitsbusinessesin2018(comparedto46per‐

centin2017).Soap,petroleumjelly,andteaare

eve~dayhousehoーdessentials,butbypromoting

sustainabーeliving,theseproductsbecamedi什er-

entiatedastheyembodythecompany’spurpose.(びBrieneta-り2019,p,8)

The Language of Mission Statements

Thelanguagethatanorganizationusestocommunicateitspurposeormissioncana節ect

employeecommitmentandperlt)rmance.Butaswehavediscussed, manyorganizations

use mission statementsthatuse abstract,conceptualterms. Murphy and C1ark(2016)

notethatorganizationstendtousethesamecorporate‐speak:“striving貴)rexcellence”or

”deliveringcutting‐edgeservicesinaglobalmarketplace.“Theyciteabankwhose mission

stateinentreads:

ThemissionofPeoP1e’sCommunityBankistobethePre発rredindePendentcommunitybankwhich meetsandexceedstheexpectationsofourcustomersandcommunities,bypro‐

vidingexcellentcustomerservice,productsandvalue,whilemaximizingshareholderreturn,alongwith maintainingthewell‐beingandsatisfactionofouremployees.

Find

 

on

 

OU力ube,”Putpurpose

 

atthe

 

coreofstrategy.一interview with

 

IMD ProfessorThomas

 

Malnighで

(2019,3minutes).

182

 

chapter6

 

P乙″poseの7d““。〃

TABLE6.2TheLanguageof工Missionstatements

StatementsUsinglmagery

                    

StatementsUsingAbstractions

下oPutjoyinkidgheartsandasmileonParentざfaces

  

下obetheWorldleaderin,=

下odetectaPreviouslyundetectabletumorinsidea

    

下obetherecognizedPerformanceleaderin.“humanlungbyaskingaPatienttobreatheintoa

      

下obethemosttrustedProviderof.”deviceーikeours

                           

下obea-ead-ngcomPanydeliveringimProved下o makePeoP1e-augh shareholderValue下。ensurethesecurityandfreedomofournationfrom

  

createabettereverydaylifeformanyPeOP1eunderseatoouterspace,andincybersPace

         

下ocreatelong-termValueforCustomers,W′ebelieveinlongCandlelitbaths,fillingtheworld

     

shareho-ders,emP-oyeeswithPerfume

                           

下ocreateabetterfutureeVerydayAcomputeroneverydeskandineveryhome

  

Fora missionstatementtoencourageas方αredsenseofPurPose,ithasto useViVid

concreteimagerythatpeoplecanvisualizeandinterpretinthesameway,Theycitethemissionstatementofa manu魚cturerofwearableroboticprostheticdevices:

0neday,ourrobotice×oskeletonswillbeaviableandaccessibleoPtion食)rthemー日lionsof

wheelchairuserswhowanttheoptiontostandupandwalk.

  

Table6.2showsexamplesofrealcompany missionstatements,usingconcreteimagery

andabstractions・V▽hichwillbemoree”当ectiveincreatingasharedsenseoftheorgani-

zation’spurpose?

 

Theevidencesuggeststhatmanycompaniesignorethisadvice,lntheirannualreview

ofcorporategovernance,theUKFinanciaIReportingCouncil(2020,p.9)concludedthat:

Too manycomーPaniessubstitutedwhataPPearedtobeasloganormarketingline文)rtheir

purposeorrestrictedittoachievingshareholderreturnsandprofit,Reportinginthese

wayssuggeststhatmanycompanieshavenotFullyconsideredpurposeanditsimportance

inrelationtocultureandstrategy,norhavetheysun「icientlyconsideredtheviewsofstake-holdersintheifPurposestatements.Thebestreportingdescribedpurposebyconsider無git

alongsidecultureandstrategyinawaythatdemonstratedthecompanyhadthoughtabout

purposeel”Fectively.

Gabrie=eBosche(2019)offersthefollowingexam‐

plesof“best“and”worst”missionstatementsfrom

leadingAmericanorganizations,Doyouagreewith

herassessment,ornot?W′hy?

the Best

 

AmaZ0n 下obeEarth’smostcustomer‐centric

company, where

 

customers

 

can

find

 

and discover

 

anything

 

they

mightwantto

 

buyonline,and

 

en-

deavorsto

 

offerits

 

customersthe

lowestpossibleprices

下obecomethenumberlfashiondes-

tinationfor20‐somethingsglobally

下oimproveourcustomers’financial

lives

 

so

 

profound1y,they

 

couldn’t

imaginegoingbacktotheoldway

Chapter6

 

乃″poseの7dの嗣o′7

 

183

VVho1e

Foods

い′almart

American

RedCross

Southw「est

下heML{orsr

 

Disney

ourdeepestPurposeasanorgan1-

zationishelpingsupportthehealth,well‐being, and healing

 

of

 

both

People一一customers, Team

 

Men・-

bers,andbusinessorganizationsin

general--andtheP1anet

VVesavepeoplemoneysotheycan

livebetter

下o

 

preVent

 

and

 

alleViate human

sufferinginthefaceofemergencies

by mobi-izingthe

 

Powerofvo1un-

teersandthegenerosityofdonors

下oprovideauthentichosPitalityby

makingadifference

 

intheーivesof

thepeoplewetoucheveryday

下o

 

be

 

one

 

ofthe world’s

 

leadin9

Producers

 

and

 

providers

 

ofenter-

tainmentandinformation,usingits

Portfo-io

 

ofbrandstodifferentiate

itscontent,servicesandconsumer

Products

下obeacompanythatinspiresand

fulfiーlsyourcuriosity

Shapethefutureofthelnternetby

creating

 

unPrecedentedvalueand

oPPortunityforourcustomers,em‐

P1oyees,investors,and

 

ecosystem

Partners

The Home

 

Depot

 

is

 

in

 

the

 

home

imProvementbusinessandourgoal

is

 

to

 

provide

 

the highest

 

level

 

of

service,the

 

broadestselection

 

of

ProductsandthemostcomPetitive

Prーces

下ocoーlect,Preserve,study,exhibit,andstimulateapPreciationforand

advanceknowーedgeofworksofart

that

 

collectively represent

 

the

broadest spectrum

 

of

 

human

achievementatthehighestーevelof

quality,allintheserviceofthePub‐

licandinaccordancewiththehigh-

estprofessionalstandards

Home

Depot

*MuseumofModemArt,New ork.

璽璽璽劇Vision: W′here Are 凶′e Going?

Creatinga

 

unifyingvisionforanorganizationis

afundamenta-

 

skillforleaders.Asimple,bold,inspirational

 

vision

 

can

 

feelalmost

 

magical:it

bringsPeoP1ethroughoutthecompanytogether

around

 

 

common

 

goaland

 

Provides

 

 

focaI

Point

 

for

 

developing

 

strategies

 

to achieve

 

betterfuture.(AshkenasandManville,2019,P,2)

The

 

evidence

 

Suggeststhate鎖ectivevIS1on

 

StatementS

 

have positive conSequenceS,but

what makesvisions“visionary’iSnotclear.SomecommentatorsFocusontheContentof

vlslon

 

Statements. others

 

explorethecontextin which visionS

 

are used. Theroles

 

of

leadersinarticulatingv・SI。ns,andtheprocessbywhichvisionsaredeveloped,havealso

attractedattention.Here,wewillconsiderthecontentofvisions,includingtheirStyleand

otherattributeS.

Vision Attributes

Table6.3ShowsseveraldefinitionSoforganizati。nalvision.Aswediscussedearlier,most

ofthesedefinitionsre篤rtoafutureortoanidealtowhichorganizati。nalchangeShould

184

 

Chapter6

 

P”′posed′?〆“s′o′7

 

Definitions Sources

A1eade sstatementofadesired,long‐termfuture

 

Kirkpatrick(2017,p‘87)

stateforanorganization

ーmageofan”idealfuturerltisaspirationaland

   

HainesetaL(2005,p.139)

 

idealistic,aguidingStarWithdreamlikequalities

Apictureofthefutureofourorganization

     

Austeretal.(2005,p,50)

Adetaileddescriptionofadesiredfuturethat

    

BelgardandRayner(2004,p.竹6)providesclarityastohowtheorganizationw川

needtooperatedifferentlyinordertomeetthe

changingconditionsofitsmarkets,customers,andovera=businessenvironment

TABLE6.3Vision

Definitions

bedirected.ThevisionitselfisPresentedasaPictureorimagethatservesasaguideto

that位ture.VisionscanthusbeinsPiring,motivational,emotional,oranalytical,dePending

on whosedefinitionweareus・ng.

 

Definitionsdonotnecessari1yhe1Ptodeterminetheactua1contentofvisionsモqmber1y

Boaland RobertHooりberg(2ml)arguethatvisionshavetwocomPonents:

・ Cogmmノg(intellectual),Basedonin危rmationandexPressesoutcomesand howthese

 

willbeachieved

 

A脈emve(emotional).APPealstovaluesandbelie危,andthusunderpinsthe motivation

 

andcommitmentthatarekeytoimP1ementation

 

Table6,4summarizestheviewsofcommentatorsonthecomPonentsofan e鎖ective

vlslon. Mostcommentarypointstosimilarattributes,suggestingthatvisionsshouldbe

asPilational,clear,desirable,distinctive,easyto

 

communicate, 免asible, neぬble,future-

focused,insPiring, meaningful, memorable,and motivating,allditshouldrecognizethe

problems魚cingtheorganization,

  

Tobe motivating,a v・slon mayneed another,counterintuitive

 

comPonent, Change

managersareo代enadvisedto makeclearhowbadthingsareandemPhasizetheurgency

ofchange,Thisis“burningP1atlbrm”theory,in whichabreakwiththePastpromisesa

brightnew future. This

 

soundslogical

 

and Positive.ButpeoP1e

 

also value

 

coherence,consistency,andcontinuity.Visionsthato爺ertobreakwiththePast maybethreatening

anddiscouragesuPPort.Venusetal.(2019)arguethatPeoplearelikelytoresistchanges

thattheyseeasthreateningtothe立senseoforganizationalcontinuity.Visionsthato都er

m司orchanges,howeverexcitingandinnovative,canbedemotivating.Sohowcanchange

managers motivatewithvision?TheansweristhatavisionthatPromotescontinuityas

wellaschangewillreduceuncertaintyandreduceresistance.Venusetal.(2019,p.684)

exP1oretheimP1ications云orchange managementPracticeinthe量)1lowingterms:

UnlikeengaginginstrategiessuchascreatingadissatislactionWiththestatusquo,and

consequently,aneed化)rchange,andPortrayingchangeashighlyattractive,managers

oughttoemphasizea1sothatWhichisnotgoingtochange.lfunWi1lingnesstocontribute

tochangeisrootedinconcernsaboutaPotentialdiscontinuityofthecentralaspectsof

theorganizationalidentity,then managersoughttoassureemployeesthatthiswillnotbe

chapter6

 

Pmposeの74〆お′の7

 

185

TABLE6.4

    

characteristics AdvocateSThe

Characteristics

   

Providesaclearsenseofcontinuityoforganizationalidentity

 

Venusetal.(2019)

ofEf絶ctive

    

UsesimagebasedrhetorictopaintaconcretePictureof

   

CartonandLucas(2018)

           

M7げd.Providesastriking mentaーimageofthefuture

           

′nsp′“ng,CaPturestheheart,andengagesPeoPーeto

          

committoacause

Th・-・V,・lu・二・ofEffごctiv(.Vi~ion~

186

 

Cha er6

 

Pz′′Posed′7d“s′○′7

          

Cartonand Lucas(2018)notethatwhen wethinkaboutthefUture,wetendtothink

         

inabstractterms.Senior managers maybeadvisedtothinkinthisway when creating

         

theirorganization’svision,whichoftenturnsouttobesomethinglike“aiming危rexcel…

         

lence,”‘‘changethe world,

”or”servethecommunity,”Visionslikethesearevague;there

         

aretoomanydi爺erentinterPretations,However,thismeansthattheyarenottruly“vision-

         

ary.”Tmshappensbecause,when wethinkabouthow wearegoingtouselanguage,we

         

activate 豹e′72gαm″gわαsedsysrの鶴 whichhandlesabstractconcePtssuch as”bettercus-

         

tomerservice.’’The meaning-basedsystem relieson abstractrhetoric.

          

Theuseofabstractrhetoricleadsto whatCartonalldLucascall“blurryvisionbias.”

         

Thisisbasedinparton how wethinkaboutthefuture,Asithasnothappenedyet,we

         

cannotsee or 危elit,so wetendtorely on an abstractunderstandingofwhatitwill

         

mean:providingexcellentcustomerservice.Carton and Lucasarguethatthistendency

         

isparticularly markedinthose who are mostlikelytoberesponsiblefbてcraftingthe

           

organization’svision-seniormanagers-becausethoseinpositionsofpowertendtothink

         

          

n broad,abstracttermsabouttheorganization’sstrategy.

          

lncontrast,豹eexz7erZe〃ce‐る鯛ed球櫛e〃?Processessensoryin恥rmationabouttheworld

             

andanowsustoi1naginerea1-1if℃experiencessuchas“seeingcustomerssIni1eastheyeat

       

inourrestaurants.“Thissystem usesimagebasedrhetoric-languagethatdepictso輔ects

       

(cars),actions(driving),andevents(landingonthe moon).lmagebasedrhetoric also

           

engagestheemotions,ismorememorable,andisthere]R)remoremotivating,andislikely

            

toencourageaction:

            

N1eetjngaPersonwhobenefits丘om one’sheIPismoremotivatingthanreadingaboutit;

          

seeingonePersondieuPclosea爺ectsmoraljudgmentmorethandoesdroppingabombon

            

thousands丑om adistance;andobservingameasuringcuPcontainingtheamountofsugar

            

inonesodadetersso代drinkconsumPtion morethanreadingaboutcaloriccontent.Astory

            

ofasmglehungryChildelicitedmoreCharitablegivmgcomParedtostatisticsaboutthousands

            

ofstarvingvillagers,andPeopleweremorelikelytoquitsmo糧山gwhentheyreadabout

            

howtheirhabitCausedPeoP1eto“reelbackindisgustfromthesmoker’sPutridodor”than

          

whentheyreadaboutitsadversehealthe爺ects.(CartonandLucas,2018,P.2108)

             

B1urryvisionbiashappensbecause managersrely moreheavilyonthe meaning‐based

            

system intheir

 

choice

 

oflanguage.This

 

can be

 

overcomebyrelyinginstead

 

on the

            

experience-basedsystem andimage-basedrhetoric,Thelatterdescribeshowtheworldwill

           

look,sound,and 篤elwhentheorganization’svisionisachieved,H[owever,thisinvolves

           

morethan

 

asi.訂ーP1e

 

changeinthe

 

choiceoflanguagein Whichto

 

expressthe vision.

            

Carton and Lucasarguethat,ifyou don’thaveaconcreteimagein mind,you aresti且

             

likelytoendup withabstractblurryvisionbias.

         

Toovercomeblurryvisionbias,CartonandLucas(2018,P.2107)suggestthedeliberate

        

useofthetechniqueofre“zpoメメ メのed/o′?,which means:

mentallyPrqiectingoneselftoamomentinthedistantfuture,akinto mentaltimetravel-

thattargetstheexperience‐basedsystemratherthanthemeaning‐basedsystem.Rather

thanContemP1atethedistantfutureabstractly,thistacticimPelsleaderstoimaginethe

futureinvividdetail,asiftheyaredirectlyobservingafuturescenariothroughfiロsthand

observation.ByvividlydePictinganeventoroutcomethatanorganizationCanoneday

realize,image‐basedrhetoricreflectsthenotionthatavisionisa”Portrait”ofanideal

短tureandunderscorestheveryessenceoftheword“visioが-theabilitytosee,(Carton

andLucas,2018,P,2107)

Chapter6

 

P”ゆoseの可 巧sわ〃

 

187

 

11laseriesofexperiments,CartonandLucas化’undthatseniormanagerswhoimagined

whatitwouldbeliketoseetheirorganizationsachievetheirvisiononedayinthe uture

developedvisionswithgreaterimagery,withoutweakeningotheraspectssuchasachiev‐

ability,speci賃city,andvalues,

c0nSiderthefollowingSampleofViSi0nStatementS.VVith

 

referencetothe

 

criteria

 

shown

 

in

 

table

 

6.4,which ofthesestatementsarein yourjudgment

effective,and whicharenot?BasedontheirVision

statements,forwhichofthesecompanieswouldyou

wanttowork?VVhosevls-onswouldturnyouaway?

VVhy?

 

How

 

do

 

you

 

explainyour

 

preferences

 

and

diS1ikesWithregardtothesevisions?

A′「bnb

APP/e

COC0‐Co/o

Belonganywhere.

VVebelievethatweareontheface

oftheearthtomakegreatproducts

andtharsnotchanging.

VVe

 

bring

 

the world’sbreathtakingdiversityintocinematicfocus,tell-

ing

 

stories

 

thatare

 

revealing

 

and

lnsplrーng.

lnspiringeachothertobethebest

we

 

can

 

be

 

by providing

 

 

great

p-acetowork.

下o

 

be

 

one

 

ofthe World’s

 

leading

producers

 

and

 

providers

 

ofenter-

tainmentandinformation.

ourvisionforcommerceisonethat

is

 

enabled

 

bypeop-e,powered

 

bytechno-ogy,andopentoeveryone.

下o

 

provide

 

access

 

to

 

the World’s

informationinoneclick.

Srorbucks

しMQ′mqrr

Becomingthebestglobalentertain-

mentdistributionservice.Licenslng

entertainmentcontent

 

around

 

the

wor-d,creating markets

 

that

 

are

accessibletofi-m makersandhelp-

ing

 

content

 

creators

 

around

 

the

worldtofindag-obalaudience.

下obring

 

inspirationand

 

innovation

toeveryathleteintheworld.

VVe

 

envlslon

 

a cultural

 

platform

where

 

professionaー creators

 

can

breakfree

 

oftheir

 

medium’s

 

con-

straints

 

and where

 

everyone

 

can

enjoyanimmersiveartisticexper--

encethatenablesustoempathize

witheachotherandtofeelpartofa

greaterwhole,

下oestablishStarbucksasthepre-

mierpurveyorofthefinestcoffee

inthe world While maintainingour

uncompromlslng principles

 

While

wegrow.

Bethedestinationforcustomersto

save

 

money,no matter

 

how

 

they

Wanttoshop.

From MissionStatementAcademy.2019.https://

mission‐statement.com.

Vision and MarketStrategySomecommentatorsarguethat,tocreatecompetitiveadvantage,anorganization

’svision

andstrategy mustbeunconventional,perhaps

 

even counterintuitive,and mustalso bedistinct丘omthoseofothercomPanies.Visionshavebothe×ternalandinternaldimen-

sions.Theexternaldimensionconcernshow marketswork,whatdrivescustomers,com‐

petitors,industrydynamics,and macroeconomictrends.Aswesawinchapter5,thetoy

manu魚cturingco]mPany M【atteltraditionallyregardeditscorebusinessassellingtoysthat

were madeinitsown 危ctories.Fallingsalesandthebehaviorofcompetitors,however,encouragedM[atteltooutsourceproductionanddevelopintoamediabusiness.Mattelhas

188

 

chapter6

 

P”′poseの7dyお′。〃

            

          

‐adtodeVe1opneWinterna1capabi1itiestorea1iZethisnew VISIon,Customerscanexpect

           

tosee moviesbasedolIM[attelbrandssuchasBarbie,HotVVheels,AI1nericanGirl,M[agic

        

8‐Ball,and MaiorMattMasonappearoncinemascreensinthe2020s(Lashinsky,2019),

              

Having a weローspecifiedexternalvisionhelpstoidentifyhowthecompany willgrow

           

andcompete.onlythencanallinternalvisionbedeveloped,pointingtothecapabilities

           

thatneedtobeacquiredtocompete,andalsoto whattheorganizationseekstobecome,

             

Externalandinternaldimensionsofthevisionthushavetobealigned,

WithanarratiVeorSto~thatdearlyanicuーateSthe“bigpicture“--whychangeisimponantandhowit

wilー

 

positivelyaffectthe

 

organization

 

ーong‐term.Thisshouldse~easthefoundationforhowyou

communicateaboutthechangemovingforward.(Galbraith,2018,p.3)

lnspirepeoplebypresentingacompe-lingvlsーon

forthefuture.Duringtimesofuncertainty,peopーe

experiencingchangeWantaclearviewofthepath

ahead.lt’s

 

importantto

 

share Whatyou

 

know--

includingwhat’schanging,When,andhow.Butfor

mostchangeinitiatives,itisalso

 

he-pfultostart

鱈圏璽霞圏璽

 

How VisionsAre Developed

How arevlslonsdeveloped?v▽ewillconsiderthreeanswerstothisquestion,exploring

approachesto”cra賃ing’’avision,thekindsofquestionsthatcanhelptodevelopavision,

andconnectingthevisiontotheorganization’s”innervoice.

Craftingthe Vision

LawrenceHolppand MichaeIKelly(1988,p.48)arguethatcra賃ingavisionis“alittle

likedancingwitha500‐poundgorilla.lttakesalittlewhileto getthesteps down,but

oncethedanceisover,youk‐ロowyou’vereallyaccomーplishedsomething.

” Therearedif

免rentapProaches(ordances)tocra賃ing orcreating a vision,andsomeofthese are

outlinedintable6.5(basedon aconceptsimilartothe“leadershipstylescontinuum,”

discussedinchapterlo,tablelo.7),

TABLE6.5

    

Approach

  

漁′hat-tMeans

              

Used汎′henAPProachesto

    

下eー.

     

Chiefexecut-vecreatesthevーs1on lnvolvementisnotseenasVision‐Crafting

                                     

important,

                        

andgivesittostaff.

              

SeH

      

Chiefexecutivehasavisionthathe

  

Chiefexecutiveisattractedtothe

                       

orshewantsstafftoaccept,

      

vlslonandwantsotherstoadoptit.

             

下est

      

Chiefexecutiveseeksfeedbackon

  

Chiefexecutivewantstoseewhich

                       

ideasaboutavision,

           

aspectsofthevisionfindsupport,

             

Consult

   

ChiefexecutiVeseeksthecreative

   

Chiefexecutiveneedshelpto

                    

inputofstaff,Withinsetparameters,

 

developtheVision.

             

Co‐create

  

Chiefexecutiveandstaffcreatea

   

Chiefexecutivewantstoidentify

                      

sharedvision.

               

sharedvisionsthroughoutthe

                                                 

organization,

Chapter6

 

Aノ′poseの7d““o′7

 

189

    

TABLE6.6

      

Deetzeta-.(2ooo)

    

Davidson(2004)

     

BelgardandRayner(2004)

    

Guidelines節r

    

structuri加ーgthe

   

  

Useaqualifiedfacilitato[

   

Developtrialvision

     

Leadershipteamdefines

    

VisionProcess:

                         

statements.

         

thetimeーine.

                           

produced.

                

  

Takeactionquicklyto

               

      

Getfeedbackfromacross

                      

capitalizeonenthusiasm;

                    

theorganization.

19O

 

ChaPter6

 

P”′Pose”′〆 “s′○′7

           

newfrontlineteam visionthatcan‐be“cascadeduP“throughtheorganization,Ashkenas

       

and Manville(2019,P.3)alsonote,”Eachofthese[modesofinvolvementinvision‐cra食-

       

ing] can ProPelyour Pro危ssionaldeveloPment,leadingto biggerresPonsibilitiesover

           

time.“Aninclusiveapproachtovision‐cra]Ringcanhelptoensure”ownership

“oftheend

       

result.Atesetal,(2019)arguethatthepotentiallypositiveimpactofvisionaryleadership

           

canbelostwhen middle managersarenotalignedwiththetop managementvisionand

            

thatthislackofalignmentcancausestrategicchangee鯨ortstobreakdownor魚il.

Askingthe Right Questions

Discussionofdifferentdegreesofinvo1vementinthe deve1op]mentofan organization,s

visiondonotd口ectlyaddressthequestionofhowtodevelopthesubstanceofthevision

itself,Holppand Ke且y(1988)identi肯threedi爺erentapproachesandsetsofquestions

throughwhichvision maybedeveloped,Theylabeltheseapproaches溺れ‘!Z!ve,αm卿Zcq/,andわe′に左mqr幻刀g.

  

TheZ′7れ腐れ′eapproachreliesontheuseofimaginationandimagerytoencouragesta茸

toparticipateinvision development, Managersareaskedtoimaginedoingthei1jobsin

sucha waythattheyreallyachieve whatthey wantfrom themselvesand 丘omtheother

peoplewithwhomthey work:

  

First,theyareaskedtolistuptotenthingsthattheywanttoachievepersonallyand

  

Pro定ssionally,andthentoprioritizethese,恥cusingonthetoptwoorthree.

  

Second,they化)cusontheircurrentsituationasawaytoidentifythetensionbetween

  

theircurrentlivede×periencesandtheirdesiredimage.

 

Third,theyareprovidedwithsupporttohelpidentiル andimplementstructuredaction

  

plansto worktowardachievingtheirvision,

 

Them7のノ加須approachseesvlslonsasde6‐nedinrelationtoorganizationalordepart‐

mentalmissionsandroles.Visionisthusrelatedtopurposeand化)cusesonthe賃)1lowing

questions:

▽vhoisservedbytheorganization?

VVhatdoestheorganizationdo?

Vvheredoestheorganizationplace mostofitse”ヨorts?

VVhydoestheorganization食)cusonparticularworkandgoals?

How doestheorganization operationalizetheseeがorts?

 

Theaim ofthese questionsistoguidethe organization as

 

a Whole,and 加ーdividual

departments,丘omthecurrentsituationtoadesiredfuturestate,

  

Theらのに初?mr殻′ばapproachbasesthevisionontheactionsandstandardsoftheorga-

nization’stoughestcompetitors.Thisinvolvesasldng:

・ ▽vhatdoourcompetitorsdowen?

・ Howcanwesurpassthis?

・ VVhatquantitativeandqualitative measureswouldindicatethatwehadachievedthis?

・ VVhatwillitbelike,andhow willit発el,whenthosestandardshavebeenachieved?

                                           

chapter6

 

Pmposeq〃d“sわ″ 19・

 

ThebenchmarldLngaPProachismoree×ternally 化)cused,ComPared withtheintuitiveandanalyticalapproaches,whichhaveaninternal危cus.HerearesomeoftheProblemswiththeseapproaches:

・ TheintuitiveaPProach,which賞)1lowsan organization developmentPersPective,may

  

producePersonalvisionsthatarenotconnectedtothecorebusinessoftheorganiza-

  

tionandtocurrentoranticipatedindustrytrends.・ TheanalyticalaPProachservesmoretoalignthevisiontothe missionoftheorgani‐

  

zationbutPayslessattentiontothevaluesandguidinglogicsoftheorganization.By

 

aligningtootightlywithmission,theanalyticalapproach mayneglecttheinspirational

  

elementofvisions.

・ ThebenchmarldLngapproach assumesthattheorganization’s 範turewillbelinkedto

 

currentcompetitors.However,itmaybe morevaluabletoidenti趣 whowillbethenew

  

competitorsinthefuture,esPecially where an organization and asectorare 魚cing

  

translt)rmationalchange.

“Bread and Salt’’:Connectingtothe organization’s”lnnerVbice”

RobertQuinn(1996,p.197)makesaninterestingcontributiontotheProcessofidenti‐6〆ingchangevlslons.Hepoints outthat,in manyorganizations,people wantto kllowwhatthevisionisandlooktothechiefexecutiveto provideit.Parado樽ically,however,wherevlslonstatementsareavailable,suchasoncorporatebusinesscards,thesearelikelytoberf考ectedasbeingin nameonly;theyarenotwhatpeopleare“winingtodie化)r.

Hearguesthatdevelopinga vision to guide

 

organizationalactions hasto gobeyondsuPer賃cialstatementsand”Con杜ontthelackofintegritythateXistsinthesystem,

“anexercise化)rwhich発w managersarewellequipped.

  

Toillustratethisview,hetellsthestoryofasPeech givenbyハイ【ahatmaGandhiata

politicalconventioninlndia.VVhenherosetosPeak,manyintheaudiencealsorose,le貴theirseats,andPaidlittleattentionto him. However,ashespoke about whatlndiansreallycaredabout--notpolitics,butbreadandsalt-theaudiencesatdownagainandlis‐tened.His message wasunusual:”Thissmall,unassuming manhadjourneyedthroughtheirheartland and capturedtheessenceoflndia.He wasvocalizingitin a waytheycould角elandunderstand.Sucharticulationisoftenattheheartofradical,deepchange

(Quinn,1996,p,199).ForQuinn,itisthisabilityto賃ndtheorganizatiods“breadand

salt“that makesav・slon appealing,passionate,andbeyondthesuperficial.Thissearch

貴)rthe”innervoice’oftheorganizationisnecessary,todevelopvlslonsthatresonateand

narrowthegap between“talkand walk.”Such“bread‐and-salt”visionsareachievedina

circular mannerinvolvingabottom-uPandtop‐downdialoguetoreachthe“innervoice“

oftheorganization.

 

Adoptingasimilarposition,Rogers(2007,p.229)maintainsthat“visionisasmuchaboutinsightas昼lrsight.

“Visionsneedto connectwithPeoP1e’sdesires, 花elings,and

ambitions,as we1.aswiththeorganization’sintentions. Resonating withthe 勿云e′preだrimageofchange management,thisimpliesthatvisionsareimPortantinencouragingthemembersofan organizationto develop andexP1ore

”neW waysofseeing,“togain 丑esh

insights,makenew connections,andtobebetterpreparedto work withthechallengesthatanew visionislikelytobring,

192

 

Chapter6

 

ル′′poseの7d”なめ〃

国璽園 W′hy VisionSFaiI

Visionscan鏡ilあranumberofreasons.Forexample,thiscanhappenwhenavlslon‐ls:

 

 

bo 切に前c.Failsto appreciatetheinabilityto controlchange,andthe degreeof

 

uncertaintyo貴enassociatedWithoutcomes

 

7ZOOCのれ【フ定工,Difficulttounderstand

 

7bo mg”e,FailstoactasalandmarktowardWhichchangeactionsaredirected

 

ヱねαdeの!のe‘onlypartiallyaddressesthepresentingproblem

・ “.だ/eyの”,C1earpicture,notfirmlyattachedtothebusiness

. β/・z″red.NoclearPictureoftheFuture

. 防7reのZSZZC.PerceivedasnotachieVab1e

・ Areαrl′Zew 〃7Zrroz PicturesthePast,extraPolatedintothefuture

 

 

loddJick(2001,p.36)addsthatavisionislikelyto態ilwhenleaderssPend9opercent

oftheirtimearticulatingit(butnotnecessarilyinclearlyunderstoodterms)andonly

lopercentoftheirtimeimplementingit.Table6,7

 

suggests otherreasons whyvisions

鏡il.Thebox”ALackofSharedVision“tellsashortstoryabouttheabsenceofashared

vision.Vi′ewillnowconsidertwofurtherreasons食)rvision魚ilure:inabilitytoadaptover

time,andthePresenceofcompetingvlslons.

ThechiefexecutiveofProcter&Gamble(P&G),A1an

Lafley,is

 

reflecting

 

on

 

his

 

five

 

years

 

ofleading

change

 

insidethe

 

company.one

 

ofhis

 

key

 

com-

mentsisthathefounditimportanttoprovidemore

thanjusta

 

brieflystated vision,because people

respondedbettertospecifics:

Soifl’dstoppedat”VVe’regoingtorefocusonthe

company’scorebusinesses,“thatwouldn’thave

beengoodenough.Thecorebusinessesareone,two,three,four.Fabriccare,babycare,feminine

care,andhaircare.Andthenyougetquestions:”VVell,1

’minhomecare.lsthatacorebusiness?”

“No.””VVhatdoesithavetodotobecomeacore

business?“

 

”lt

 

has

 

to

 

be

 

a 9lobal

 

ーeader

 

in

 

its

Fai1ureto Adapt

SomevlslonsstandthetestoftimeandremainapplicableandadaPtableto new situa‐

tionsandenvironments.others,however,needtobeoverhauledtoremainrelevant,This

  

VVhydidthisextradetail

 

help?Forl‐afley,there

weretwofactors,onewasthesizeanddiversityof

thep&G workforce-100,00opeoplefromoverloo

cultures.Thesecondwasthat,formanagerswithso

muchgoingonintheirbusinesses,theproVIS-onof

moredetailontheimplicationsofthevisionhe-ped

themtofocusonwhatwasneededtoimplementit

(GuptaandWendler,2005,p.3),

industry,lthasto

 

havethe

 

beststructural

 

eco‐

nomics

 

in

 

its

 

industry.1thasto

 

beab-etogrow

consistentlyatacertainrate.lthastobeableto

deliveracertaincashflowreturnoninvestment.”

So

 

then

 

business

 

leaders understand

 

what

 

it

takestobecomeacorebusiness.

Chapter6

 

Pz”po肥α′7メ“s′0“

 

193

TABLE6.7VVI1yVisionsFail

Source:BasedonLipton(1996,pp.89‐91).

VisionsFai-VVhen...

    

Because.”

rhewo政′sd′”;erent存om

  

VVhenmanagersdonotmatchtheirwordswithactions,staffでhero秋,

            

memberstreatthevisionasanemPtyslogan.

 

Theyoreそreoredosそれe

   

TheexPectationswiーlbeunreaーistic,andvisionsarenot

 

”わ0/ygro′!ぞ

          

magicsolutions.

丁力eyore打orConnecそedro

 

Visionsneedtorecognizecurrentobstaclesiftheyaretot力epresenf.

          

bebelievableandseenasachievabーe・

Theyorefoodbsrrocもor

  

Visionsmustbeidealistic,reaーistic,andtangible.rooco“Crere.

Deve/opmlentdoesnot

    

ltisoftentheprocessaswellasthefinalvisionthathelpsto′nvo/veocreo”veProcess. securetheorganization’sfuture.

Port′cの0”on′s″m′red.

  

Consensusmustbebuiltaroundthevision,whichhastobe

                      

diffusedthroughouttheorganization.

Peop/eoreco」mp/ocent.

  

Visionsthatareprojectedtoofarintothefuturearenot

                       

seenasurgent.

JohnSymons{2006)teー-sthefollowin9humorous

story:

Themaninthehotairba”oonwaslost.Descend-ing

 

sufficiently

 

he

 

shouted

 

to

 

a walker

 

on

 

the

groundaskingwherehewas,“ouare30feetup

intheair,“was

 

herimmediateresponse

 

before

shewalkedaway.

 

Asked

 

subsequently

 

byacompanionto

 

plainthisunhelpfulbehaviorshesaid:”Hewasatypicaーmanager,Hedidn’tknowwherehewas,orhowtogettowherehewantedtogowithoutthe

help

 

ofthose

 

underneath

 

him.”Somewhat

 

mis-

chievouslyshe

 

added,●”W′hyshou-d

 

 

do

 

morethan

 

necessary

 

to

 

help someone

 

who

 

got

 

to

wherehewasbyhotairanddidnotte=mewherehewasplanningtogo?”

ASJohnsymonscomments:

Sheobvious-ydidnotknoworsharetheballoon-ist’svision,Thelessonformanagersiscーear.As

well

 

asenthusingthoseunderneath,theleader

needstocommunicatewhereheorsheisinrela‐tiontoachievingthevision.

situation

 

is

 

illustrated

 

bytheinvestigation byL1oyd Harris

 

and Emmanuel

 

ogbonna

(1999)intotwo medium‐sized UK‐retailcompaniesandtheimpactofthe 危unders’

vlslonsonstrategicchange.lnbothcases,thecomーPany化’underestablishedthevision

wellover

 

looyearsagoandthere wasevidenceofanescalationofcommitmenttothevisionbysubsequent management,ln onecompany,thevision waspaternalistic(com‐

mitmenttowardsta甘)and あcusedonprudentgromh.Thisledtoastrongあcusonsales

andprofitabilityineach new storelocation.Thesecharacteristics werestillpresentinthe

 

current management

 

ofthe

 

company. The vision

 

itself was

 

seen

 

as

 

fleゴロible

 

and

responsive

 

to

 

the

 

prevailing

 

environmental

 

conditions

 

花lcing the

 

comーpany, The

194

 

ChaPter6

 

A″Posed′7d粋瀞o′7

        

researcherslabelthe 危under’svisioninthiscaseasProvidinga“strategicdividenず 危r

        

subsequent management,

          

Bycontrast,intheothercompany,the 危under’svision wasto haveastoreinevery

        

towninaParticularregion,A second asPectofthisvisionconcerned 魚milycontrolof

        

the company,Theresearchers

 

arguethatthisoriginalvision continuedto drivesenlor

        

management.However,incontrasttothefi1stcomPany,thisvisionservedasa“strategic

        

hangover.” The closed nature

 

ofthe visionledsuccessive managementteamsto make

         

decisionsthatwereoutofstep withchangesintheenvironmentalconditions魚cingthe

         

sector,suchasthe movementoflargeretailstoresintotheregionandashi貴infocusof

         

such

 

storesfrom priceto

 

quality and

 

service, As

 

aresult,the

 

comPany almost 魚ced

        

financialruinontwoseparateoccasions,lnrelationtosubsequentstrategicchangeactions

        

takenbymanagementinthesetwocompanies,theauthorsarguethat“whethertheoriginaI

        

Vis・onofthe あunderresultsinalegacyorahangoverisclearlydependentontheoriginal

              

fle〆ibility ofthe strategy and the later environmental aPpropriateness” (Harris and

           

ogbonna,1999,p.340),

Presence ofCompetin9 Visions

Visions mayalso 態ildueto what Kanteretal.(1992)call“visioncollisions,” where

multiP1evisionsconf1ictwitheachother.Thishappens,おorexamp1e,whenthevisionis

cra貴edbystrategistswhoareconvincedoftheneed あrchange,butwherethissenseof

urgencyisnotsharedbythose who willimplementorbea節ectedbythechange(who

maystillbetryingtoembedpreviouschanges).Visioncollisionscan also occur Where

thereisagap betweenthevisionsofmanagementandstakeholders.lnthemid‐1980s,thevisionofNike,thesportswearcompany,Wastomakeath1eticFootwear.However,the

companyあundthatadifferentmarketsegmentwasbuyingtheirshoes;notathletes,but

people

 

who

 

were wearing Nike

 

trainers

 

instead

 

ofcasual

 

shoes. Nikerespondedbyintroducingitsownbrandofcasualshoes,This

 

strategy 魚iledbecause Nikehadnot

understoodthatcustomerswerebuyingexPensive“overengineeredsneakers”becausethey

aPpealedtotheirimage,ln other words,thecomPany’svision wasoutofstep withits

customers’visionofNike.M[ultipleandconflictingvisionscanalsoarisewithcompany

mergers. Colin Mitchell(2002),forexample,citesthe 魚ilurein2000 ofthe merger

between

 

Deutsche

 

Bank and DresdnerBank,lnthis

 

merger,there was

 

a “魚ilure

 

of

managementtopersuade Deutsche’sinvestmentbankersofthevision貴)rhowthenewly

mergedcomPany wouldcompete,△αanykeyemployeesleg〔,andthethreatofmasswalk

out賃)rced Deutschetoabandonthedeala賃erconsiderabledamagetothesharePrice

ofbothco・][・Panies”(p.104).

鯉圃瞳圃圏

 

Linking Visionto Change:Three DebateS

         

1nthissection,weexplorethreedebatesconcerningthe蹴lksbetweenvislonandorgani-

             

zationalchange.First,weaskifvisionisadriverofchange,orifvisionemergesthjFough

           

thechangeprocess,Second,weask whethervisionhelpsorhinderschange.Third,We

           

assesswhethervisionisbetterattributedtoheroic,charismaticleaders,orisbetterunder‐

         

stoodasanorganizationalattribute,

Chapter6

 

Pmp。肥 の7d”おめ″ 195

Debate one.‐Vision

during Change?

    

 

     

 

       

Driving Change orEmerging

Thechange managementaPProachesand貴÷ameworksdescribedinchaPterlogivevlslon

aprominentroleinunderpinningandimplementingorganizationalchange.

ForKanteretal.(1992),establishingavisionisthefirststeptowardchange. Without

avlslon,changes mayseem arbitraryand unnecessary.Vision providesclarityabout

thegoalsofchange,avoidingtheperceptionthatthisisjustanothercost‐cuttingexer

cise.Thevisioncan motivatesta賃toembracechange,engagingin whatmayseemtobedauntingorriskyactions.

ForPendleburyetal.(1998),vision determinesthescoPe,depth,andtime 貢ameofchange,andtheareasthatwillbeanコected.Havingavlslonatthestartofchangeisneededforbothtrans免rmationalchange(outliningthebroaderstrategicintent

to whichallactionsaredirected)andincrementaloradaptivechange(wherethe

vlslon

 

can

 

be

 

more

 

specific

 

in

 

terms

 

of

 

specifying change

 

objectives

 

andvlslon

 

can

  

e more

 

specllc

 

ln

procedures).

  

Theneed orvision atthestartofchangeisalsoembeddedinthestrategylitera‐

ture,wherethetermsZFQ肥厚c/“定期iso賃en usedtorepresentvision.Thisisusually

associatedwiththeworkofGary HamelandC.K.Prahalad(1989,p.4),whoargue

that“strategicintentenvlslonsadesiredleadershipposition and establishesthecri‐

teriontheorganizationwillusetochartitsprogress,“Theypointto Komatsu’s“Encir-

cle

 

Caterpillar” and

 

Canon’s “Beat

 

Xerox” as

 

vlslonary

 

statements that

 

capture

strategicintent.Thestrategicintentbehindsuchstatementswaslongterm andencom‐

passedanumberofdifferentchangeprogramsandactionsovertheshortandmediumtermsthat weredesignedto worktowardthelonger‐term vlslon.Thestrategicintent

expressedthedesiredendresultwithoutspecifyingorprescribingthenecessarystepsForachievingit.

騎sわ〃Emergesd”“〃g C乃α〃ge

AJthoughimportant,itmaynotbepossibletoarticulateaclearvlslonatanearlystage

duringtransformationalordiscontinuouschange.Robertshaw(1995)arguesthatorga‐nizationalstructuresand managementprocessesmayrequirefundamentalchange.ltmaynotbepossibletodeveloPavlslon untila貸ertheprocesshasbeguntoun範ldbecause

therelevantinあrmation maynotbeavailableinthecurrentconfiguration (customer

expectations,competition).ln other words,discontinuouschange hasto beunder wayto makethatin貴)rmationavailabletoin貴)rmthedevelopmentofvision.Those whoare

leadingthe

 

change

 

are

 

surroundedbythe presenting problems

 

and are

 

ableto make

real‐timeadjustmentsinthecontextoftheresultsoftheirongoinge掻orts,Quinn(1996,p.83)describesthisas“buildingthebridgeasyou walkit.

  

ls”thevisionthing”overratedintermsofdrivingchange?ltispossibletoarguethat

eがectivebusinessplanningleadstosuccessfulchange,andnotvision,orvlslonaryleaders・ls “vision rhetoric” usedjustto

 

make

 

management decisions

 

appear to be

 

more

acceptable?

198

 

ChaPter6

 

Pmz7osed′7d幹瀞o′7

         

ForLissackandRoos(2001),theConcePtofVisionis上江口itedbyotherassumPtions,one

        

assumptionisthatorganizationalboundariesarewelldefined:staぜ,customers,suppliers.ln

         

aworldoffuzzyorganizationalnetworks,thisassumptionisquestionable,Asecondassump-

        

tionisthattheidentityoftheorganizationisfixed,withthevisionbuiltaroundthatidentity,

        

頓Zeth血kofLego,免rexample,asatoycompany. However,corporateidentity一Whatthe

         

organizationdoes-isconstantlychanging;aswesawinchapter5,Legoisalsonowanonline

       

gamescompany.Lissack and Roos(2001,p.61)Pre発rtheterm “coherencご to vision,

         

Coherenceinvolves,“actingin a marulerconsistentwithwhoyou aregivenyourpresent

         

spotinthebusinesslandscape.” APinterestingargument,butitisuldikelythattheterm

         

のゐere′?α,emphasizingdebatesaroundboundariesandorganizationalidentity,winreplace

         

theconceptofvision,whichisdeeplyembeddedinchange managementthi血盟bog.

          

How doesvisionimpactindividualratherthan organizationalidentity,and canthis

        

propelorimpedechange?Thisissuehasgenerateddebate.Landauetal.(2006)notethat

        

sta賃 mayidentiル strongly withanorganization’soriginalvisionand withtheunderlying

        

be口e危 and assumptions.However,when an attemptismadetoi可ectanew vlslon,this

            

islikelytoberesistedifitdisruptsindividualimagesandselfde賃nitions,Thenew vlslon

            

wil.lthereForehinderchange.Thisproblem canbeaddressedifitispossibleto ensure

        

thatnew o蝉ectivesand goalsremain consistentwiththevaluesandbeliefsthatunder

             

pinnedtheoriginalvision.

         

je鐙eyFordand Winiam Pasmore(2006)questionthisposition あrtworeasons,First,

            

itisnotclearthatvision doesd江ectlyal節ectindividualidentity量)rm無gprocesses.Thisis

             

anemp立icalquestionthatneedstobee×am超edandislikelytovaryacrossorgal雲izations.

            

Second,evenifweacceptthatthereisadirectrelationshipbetween血dividualidentityand

           

vision,theproblemlieswithsta甘 memberswhoaredeeP1ycommittedtoaneXistingidentity,

        

whichtheyarereluctanttochange,despitetheneedあranewvision(andperhaps,therefbre,

        

anewidentity)-evenifthenew visionisnecessarytosecurethe orga匝zation’ssurvival.

             

Theynote,”Peopleshouldbeentitledtotheiridentities,butatthesal工let立ne,organizations

        

doneedpeoplewhoarecommittedtoaviable,sustainablevisiontosurvive“(p,176),This

          

argumentremmdsusthatchanges m vision maychallengeindividualidentities,thereby

             

producmgresistancetochange.VVhendevelopinganewvision,therelk)re,itisi1nrportantto

             

assess,first, whetherthiswinenable ordisableidentity-貴)rlilingprocesses,andsecond,

             

whetherthiswinencourageordiscouragethoseaがectedtobecomeinvo1vedinthechange,

Debate Three.-Vision:An Attribute of Heroic Leaders

or Heroic organizations?

                       

 

      

somecommentatorsarguethatsuccessfulorganizationa1changedependsoneがective1ead-

ership.For Nadlerandshaw(1995,p.219),“heroicleaders”energizeandsupporttheir

角nowersand providethem withavisionthat“providesavehicle角rpeopleto develop

com1P亘tlrlent,acommongoalaroundwhichpeoplecanrally,andaway貴)rpeopleto熊el

successful.“Aswehavealreadynoted,thevision hastobeclear,compening,chanengiねg,

andcredible,butitmustalsobereflectedintheexpressionsandactionsoftheleaderwho

isarticulatingit,Nadler(1998,p.276)pointstovisionaryleaderssuchasJamieHoughton

attheU,S.technologycompanyCormngwhopainted“anengrossmgpictureofaculture

inwhich Corningwouldbeoneofthemostcompetent,profitable,andrespectedcorpora‐

tions釦theent鱈eworld.”日ealsoidenti負esscottMcNealyofSun Microsystems(nowpart

                                                              

Chapter6 Pmposeの?〆″童sわ″

 

199

           

oforacle)asenvision止ロg“aninあrmationworldwherePeoplewouldbefteetochoose丘om‐

                  

arangeofvendorsratherthan heldCaptivebyasingle,au‐powerFul mega-corporation.”

                  

lronically,someofthosewhoarecitedasvlslonaryleadersdonotseethemselvesasvlslon‐

                  

aryorheroicandhavechallengedthesignifiCanCeofvision:

                 

RoberZ互班o“,whenhewasCEO0fChrysler,downP1ayedvisionin 魚vorofmeasurable

                    

short‐term results.

                    

五万″ Gα解s,oneoftheFoundersofみなicroso賃,once declaredthat“Being Vis・onaryls

            

trivial.”(Lipton,1996,P,86)

                    

Nevertheless,thoseleadersareo賃enPraised食)rarticulatingclear,appealing,Challenging

                  

imagesofthefutureoftheirorganizations-thehallmarksofe]mectivev・slons.

            

GardnerandAvoロo(1998)arguethate爺ectiveCharismatic,visionaryleadersCreate”ide止

                  

tity節コages”thatarevaluedanddesi崖redbyothers,宜lcorporatingtrustworth辻less,Credib廷ity,

                

morauty,血=novativeness,esteem,andPower.Draw血gon adramaturgicaIPersPective,they

           

arguethatCharismaticleadersenact(orper金rm)the壮visionsthrough 短urprocesses:

                

1, 万mmZ“g,Theartofmanaging meaning,influencingotherstoaccepttheleader’sinter-

                    

Pretationofthevision,bystressingitsimportance,andaligningitwiththeirvalues

                

2.scrj駆動g.TheProcessofCoordinatingandintegrating morespecificsetsofideasand

                    

actionsincluding:

                     

・ castingoftheapPropriatekeyroles

                    

・ dialogue,usingvariousrhetoricaldevices,suchasmetaphorsandstories,toincrease

                    

theappealofthe message

                     

・ providingd立ection,usingverbalandnonverbalbehaviorandemotionaldisplays

                

3.Smg粥g.Theselectionofsymbols,artifacts,proPs,andsettingstorein貴)rcethevision

           

4. ル堺ormZ〃g.Enactingthevisionbypersonallydemonstratingthebehaviorsrequiredto

                    

achievethevision

                  

ltisimportanttonotethat,althoughhavingavlslon・sconsideredby manyCommen‐

                

tatorstobeaprerequisite食)rsuccessfuIChangeleadership,othersdisagree.Vision may

                 

beanecessaryComponentofinsPirationalleadership,butitmaynotbesu”Ficient.Robert

           

Go掻eeand GarethJones(2000)arguethat,to complementenergy and vision,other

                  

qualitiesarenecessaryincluding:

                  

・ revealingpersonalweaknessesto貢)1lowerstogaintheirtrust

                  

・ sensinghowthingsareintheorganizationandthewiderenvironment,Pic]bLngupand

                   

interpretingsubtlecuesandsignals

                 

・ showing“tough emPathy,

“Passionate,Caring,butrealistic, 節Cusing on whatothers

                 

needratherthan whattheywant

                

・ daringtobedifョヨerent,signallingand maintainingtheiruniqueness,while maintaining

                   

socialdistance

                    

lthasalsobeenarguedthatvisionaryleadersareneededataneverydaylevelthroughout

           

theorganization,andnotjustatthetop.SuchindividualsProvidewhatRogers(2007)Cans

                

“supervision,”usinginteractions,conversations,androlemodellingtodemonstrate:

ReなPedn’e.ConcerningtheChallenges魚cingtheorganization

′’“′pose,BothPersonalandorganizational

200

 

Chapter6

 

P班posed′7d“s′。′7

Processes・Respond moree”ョectivelytocustomers

βossz虜/!rZes.Challengecurrentconstraints

bre′”Zα/.Concerningpersonalcontributions

′セsszo〃,Channelenergiesin meaningfuIWays

  

lnthisperspective,therelbre,to maintainengagementand motivation,ProvidingV1slon

mーustbeaday‐to‐dayactivityinvolving manyleadersacrosstheorganization,andnotan

occasionalprocessledbyasingleseniorfigureorasmalltopteam,

巧ぶ卿2左α〃血筋ら”だ け嵐erのco増加Zzqrゎm

CollinsandPorras(2005)arguethatvisionaryleadersarenotnecessarytocreatevisionary

companies,claimingthattheroleofcharismainsettingvision hasbeen exaggerated.A

charismaticleadermayevenbeanimpedimenttothecreationofavisionaryorganization;

sustainedorganizationale掻ectivenessdependsonembeddedvisions,values,andideologies,

ratherthan on pronouncements丘om oneseniorfigure,Theleader’sroleisto actasa

catalyst,稼cilitatingthedevelopmentof,andcommitmentto,thevision,Thisisaprocess

thatcanbeachievedthrough avarietyofleadershipand managementstyles,ltismore

inlportanttocreateanorganizationwithavisionthantohaveacharismaticchiefe×ecutive

withapersonalvision,

 

lnthisperspective,visionincorporatescoreideology,whichisunchanging,anddefines

whattheorganizationstandsあrandwhyitexists,Anenvisionedfutureiswhattheorga-

nization aspiresto

 

and changestoward overtime.ldeologycomprisescorevalues

 

and

core purpose, Core values

 

aredurableguidingprinciples:”the HP 訳/ay,”釈ZaltDisney

Company’s”imaginationand wholesomeness,

”Procter& Gamble’s“productexcellence,

andNordstro鯖s“customerservice.”CollinsandPorras(2005)notethatmostcompanies

haveonlythreetofivesharedcorevalues,Corepurposeontheotherhanddefinesthe

reason あrtheorganizatiodsexistence.

  

Corepurposeshouldbedurable(designedtolastacentury,perhaps)anddi鈷ers丘om

goalsand businessstrategies,which changeconstantlyovertime.Thepurpose maynot

change,butitshouldinspirechange,development,andprogress.Theenvisionedfuture,

incontrast,consistsof“BHAG‐s”-Big,Hairy,Audacious Goals,ordauntingchallenges

withspecifiedtimelinesthatcaninvolve:

・ Co′??′?7o〃e′?の?リノ/ogc.Phi五pM[orrisinthel950swantedto“krlocko甘RJRasthenum-

 

beronetobaccocompanyintheworld Nikeinthel960saimedto“crush Adidas,”

・ Ro/emode//ogZc,Stanあrd Universityinthe

 

l940swantedtobecome“the Harvardof

 

the 帆Zest.”

・ 方鶴er′?”/『〆”′?切々or′?7僻め“ わgZc,Thegoal貴)rGEinthel980swasto”become number

 

oneornumbertwoinevery marketweserve,andrevolutionizethiscompanytohave

 

the

 

strengths

 

ofabigcompany combined withtheleanness andagilityofa

 

small

  

company“;Rockwellinl995wantedto”trans館ormthiscompany 丘o]m ade篤nsecon‐

  

tractorintothebestdiversifiedhigh-technologycompanyinthe world,”

 

Afurthercomponentofenvisionedfuture,vividdescriptions,consistsofvibrant,pas‐

sionate,and engaging descriptionsofwhatitwiUbelikeinthefuture when goalsare

achieved. Envisioning

 

the

 

future

 

is

 

 

creative

 

process, engaging staff

 

across

 

the

organization,

Chapter6

 

月!′posed′7d騎瀞o′7

 

201

Coilinsand Porras(2005)arguethatcompletevi‐

sionshavethreecomponents:acoreideology(val-

uesandpurpose),anenvisionedfuture(big,haiw,

audaciousgoa-s),andvividdescriptions.Theyofferthefollowingexamp-efromthepharmaceuticalcom-

panyMerckinthel930s:

Coreldeology

Corev口′ues.Socialresponsibilityscience‐basedinnovation

Purpose

opreserveandimprovehuman

  

TheworkofCollinsandPorrasoffersasensitivetreatment

 

ofthe

 

re-ationshipbetween

 

vlslon

 

and

change. Vision (which

 

they

 

also

 

call

 

”industryforesighで)isbrokendownintocomponentparts,some

 

ofwhich

 

remain

 

stableand

 

some

 

ofwhich

changeovertime.Manychangemode-sthatrefertotheneedforvisiontoguideorganizationaーchangeーackthis

 

degree

 

ofsophistication.Vision

 

is

 

often

presented

 

as

 

something

 

that

 

guides

 

change,

handeddowntotheorganizationbythechiefexec‐

utiveandthetop‐managementteam,However,forCollinsandPorras,vision(ascoreideoーogy)serves

as

 

an

 

enduring background

 

component,not

 

so

muchguidingchan9easreflectinghowchangewiーl

beachieved(byfoーlowingcorevalues,forexample).ltistheenvisionedfutureofvisionthatofferscon-

cretechangedirection,concerningwhatshouldbe

changed,andhow,

EXERCISE

   

ourtaskistointerviewthreeemployees;theycanbeinthesameoradifferentorga-6コ

        

nization.Askthemtothinkbacktoanorganizationaーchangethattheyexperiencedand

廓zeryzewz“g

  

toanswerthefolーowingquestions:

      

Rec夢/e“な

圏圏圃

1. VVeretheypresented withanorganizationalvisionforthischange?lfso:

VVhatwasthevision?

VVhateffectdidthishaveonthem?

VVeretheyinvolvedindevelopingthevision?

下o whatextentdidthevision motivatethemtoengageinthechange?

How centralwasthevisiontoimplementingthechange?

2.lfyourintervieweeswerenotgivenanorganizationalvisionforthischange,askthem:

VVouldavisionhavehelpedthemtounderstandandbecomeinvolvedinthechange?

            

Howimportantisvisiontoachievingorganizationalchange?

            

VVhenyou

 

have

 

completed yourinterviews,considerthe

 

responsesthatyou

 

have

          

documented.VVhat

 

general

 

conclusions

 

emerge

 

regarding

 

the

 

relationship

 

between

          

Vislonandorganizationalchange?VVhathaveyoulearnedfromthisexercise?

202

 

chapter6

 

A〃poseの7d“s′。′7

EXERCISE

   

Consideryourowncurrentorganization,oranotherWith Whichyouarefamiliar,Which

6.2

        

couldbethelnstitution whereyouarestudying.Gotothe Websiteofthe MissionState‐

      

“α諺row刀

           

           

       

圏圏圃圏霊園

mentAcademy:https://mission‐statement.com.Note howtheyassessthe mlsslonand

vlsーonstatementsofleadingorganizations.Usingtheirstyleasatemplate,andreca=ing

thediscussionofeffective missionsandvisionsinthischapter,assessyourownchosen

organization’sapproachtotheseissues,

Does

 

your

 

organization’s

 

mission

 

statementset

 

out

 

a meaningful

 

and

 

challenging

purposethatWillexcite,attract,retain,and motivatestaff?

Does

 

your

 

organization’s

 

vision

 

statement

 

have

 

the

 

characteristicsidentified

 

in

table6.4?

Doyourorganization’s missionandvision

 

helptodrivechange,ornot?VVhy?

Areyourorganization’s missionand visionjusta“publicrelations”exerclse,orare

theyusedinpractice?How canyoutell?

                          

                                                                    

                                                                 

       

・ Whatchanges(ifany)Wouldyou maketoyourorganization’s missionandvision?

EXERCISE

   

Asyoureadthiscase,considerthefollowingquestions:

6.3

        

,. How wou-dyoudescribethe wayvision WasusedatMentorGraphics?

 

7了だ尺o定 げ

  

2.Did,itstrengthenorWeakenthecompany?How?VVhy?

巧諺oヵ所

    

3.ofthereasonsdiscussedinthischapterconcerningwhyvisionsfail,whichareapp-i-ルをmor

     

3. ofthereasonsdiscussedinthischapterconcerningwhyvisionsfail,whichareapp-i-

 

cableto MentorGraphics?

4,VVhatisyourassessmentofthevisioncontentandtheprocessthrough Whichitwas

  

introduced

 

in

 

the

 

Mentor

 

Graphics

 

context?

 

VVhat

 

ーessons emerge

 

from

 

your

 

assessment?

5.BasedonwhathappenedatMentorGraphics,whataretheimplicationsforthethree

 

debatesdiscussed

 

inthischapter:Whethervisiondriveschangeoremergesduring

  

change;Whethervision

 

helpsorhinderschange;and whethervision

 

isanattribute

  

ofheroicleadersorheroicorganizations?

6, ofthesixchangeimagesoutlinedintable6,1,whichimagesofvisioncanbeapplied

 

tothiscasestudy?VVhat-essonsemergefromthis?

 

Foundedinl981,MentorGraphics(now Mentor,asiemensBusiness)isa U.S.elec‐

tronicdesignautomationbusiness.ltwasacquiredfor$4.5bi=ion bythe German mul-

tinationalsiemensin2017andhadrevenuesof$3bi=ionin2018.Accordingtocompany

president

 

Gerard

 

Langeler,the

 

role

 

ofvision

 

was

 

importantfrom

 

the beginnin9,The

companystarted withanunarticu1atedvisionto”Bui-dSomethingThatPeopleWilIBuy.“

onthisbasis,theyspentseveralmonthsinterviewingpotentiaーcustomersanddesigning

acomputer‐aidedengineerin9Workstationproduct.Atthesametime,acompetitor,Daisy

Systems,Wasengaged

 

inthesametaskand,intheearlyyears,outcompeted Mentor

          

Graphics.Eventually,“BeatDaisy”becamethenewvision,drivenbytheneedtosurvive

         

asabusiness.

            

Byl985 Mentor’srevenueswerehigherthan Daisy’s;theirvisionhadbeenrealized,

          

Thecompanycontinuedtogrow despitetherecession,butsufferedfromtypicaーgrowth

           

problems,including

 

decline

 

in

 

product

 

quality,and

 

prob-ems

 

ofinternal

 

company

                                                

ChaPter6

 

PmPosemm 騎瀞o′7

 

203

           

coordination.Stockvalue

 

also

 

suffered,and

 

 

numberofstaffapproached

 

Langeler

           

seekinganewvisionforthecompany.

            

Thenew v-slon wasdevelopedbasedon”SixBoxes,”whichrepresentedthesixdif-

           

1nl989,yetanothervisionemerged:”Changingthe軌′aythe執′orldDesignsTogether.”

          

ln

 

retrospect,Langeler

 

depictsthis

 

vision

 

as“thefinal

 

extension

 

ofvision

 

creepthat

          

began withSixBoxes,“ltwasverygrandandhadlittletodowiththeactua-businesses

         

inwhich MentorGraphicsoperated,indudingthedevelopmentofitsnew8.0generation

          

ofsoftware.

           

Therea-ization,bythe earlyl99os,thatthe company’svision

 

detractedfrom What

         

the company wasactuallytryingto aChieve

 

ledtothe

 

dumplng

 

ofthevision

 

and

 

its

         

replacementwith

 

onethatechoedthe early beginning

 

ofthe company:”ou「current

         

short-,medium-,andlong‐term visionistobuildthingspeople wi=buy,“Thiswasseen

   

AdditionaI

  

Hollensbe,E.,Wookey,C.,Hickey,L.,andGeorge,G.2014.organizationswithpur

    

Reading

   

pose.4mdemyqf賜伽αge′僻〃L加‘mq/57(5):1227‐34.Discussesvlslonandpurposein

                  

ternlsofthe“greatergood

“andtheorganization’scontributiontosociety.Theauthors

                

arguethatan organization’ssenseofpurposemustrecognizetheinterdependenceof

                   

businessandsociety,

                  

lbarra,日.2015.4α/次eq/eqde′;豹方?化左化eq′eqde Boston:Harvard Business Review

                

Press.〇節ersadviceonthinkingstrategicallyandavoidingthedistractionsofshort-term

                 

Priorities.Citing GeorgeVV.Bushandhisdismissivecommentabout“theVisionthing,“

                   

H[er・1linialbarraarguesthat“theabi日tytoenV1slonpossibilities食)rthefutureandto

           

sharethatvision withothersdistinguishesleaders官om nonleader (P,40).

           

Malnight,T.W.,Buche,1.,andDhanar鴫 C.2019.PutPurPoseatthecoreofyour

           

strategy, 帰館堀川 β”s/′?ess尺e雑踏ーノ97(5) 0-79.ExP1ainshow aclearstatementofthe

                   

organization’s missionorpurposecontributesto perlt)rlrlanceandcompetitiVeadvantage.

            

Venus, M.,Stam,D.,andvan KnipPenberg,D.2019.Visionsofchangeasvlslonsof

           

continuity.‐4md勿リノグ Mqmgeme〃『お“rm/62(3):66 90.Asdiscussedinthischapter,

                   

oぼersthecounterintuitiveargumentthatgoodvisionstatementsshouldeInphasize

204

 

Chapter6

 

乃′′poseの7d”おデの?

continuityaswenaschange,Change meansuncertainty,WhichCanbede]MーotiVating,

Continuityandstabilityarereassuringandcanhelptoovercomepotentialresistance

tochange,

Roundup

Howdoyoudistinguishmission(orpur‐

pose)from vision?lsthisanimportant

distinction?

 

ln

 

yourorganization,how

aーigned

 

areyour

 

purpose

 

and

 

vision?

Are

 

there competing

 

missions

 

and

vlslons

 

inyouror9anization?

 

How are

theseresolved?

VVhat

 

criteria

 

do

 

you

 

use

 

to decide

whethermissionandvisionstatements

are-ikeーytobeusefulinyourorgan-za-

tion?VVhatothercriteriamightyouwish

totakeintoaccount?

Do

 

your

 

organization’s mission

 

and

v1s-on

 

statements

 

meetthose

 

criteria?

lf

 

not, how

 

would you

 

recommend

changingthem?

Looking

 

atthe

 

language

 

ofyour

 

mis-

sionstatement,isitabstractandvague,ordoesituseinterestingimagery?How

couldyouimproveyourorganization’s

missionstatement?

Hereisashortsummaryofthekeypointsthatwewouldlikeyoutotake丘omthischaPter,

inrelationtoeachofthelearningoutcomes:

圏霊園 ☆

 

&叩/の7Z庇 の淳〃?だ′郡元rα〃〆”gの′鶏自力eの′7cepな げ〃〃勿oserormなs!o′7ノのばvZs!o″α″〆

 

加Wqpproαc庇szo 殆どseZssz′esdepの7do′自力eZmqge 〆mqmg!′?go増加Zzの!om/効の7ge,

 

Missionisastatementofpurpose:W〆hyarewehere?Visionisafutureaspiration:”/hat

 

dowewanttoachieve?Somecommentatorsarguethatstatementsofmissionandvision

 

areindispensable,givingpurpose,direction,motivation,inspiration,andchange.There

 

isevidencethataclearsenseoforganizationalpurposecancontributetoorganizational

 

perあrmanceandsustainedcompetitiveadvantage,othercommentatorsarguethatthese

 

conceptsaretooabstractandvagueandthattheyhavebecome meaningless,attracting

 

cynlclsm when mostorganizations have

 

similarly bland

 

statementsaboutexcellence,

 

socialresponsibility,empoweredemployees,anddelightedcustomers.

   

Theconceptsofmissionandvisionvarywiththeimageofchangemanagementthat

 

isin use. For

 

e×ample,the

 

directorimage

 

assumesthatresponsibilityFor 丘aming

Doesyourv-slon

 

promiseabreakwith

thepastandabrighterfuture?Couldem-

ployeesfeelthreatenedbythis?VVou1dit

be

 

helpfuー

 

to

 

emphasize

 

continuity--

whatisn’tchanging?

VVhatprocesshaveyouused,orseenin

use,tocraftaneffectivevision?Doyou

haveapersonalpreferencetowardan

intuitive

 

or

 

ananalytical

 

approach

 

to

visiondeve-opment?VVhy?

lstherean“innervoice“inyourorganー-

zation?

 

VVhat

 

are

 

the

 

”bread‐and‐but-

ter”issues?Arethere”undiscussable”

issuesinyourorganization?

Whatisyourjudgment:whendovisions

fail,and when

 

doestheireffectiveness

fade?Canvisionsberevitalized?How?

VVhat

 

isyour

 

position:do mission

 

and

vision

 

drive

 

change?

 

Do mission

 

and

visionhelpchange?lnpa代iculaちdoesvi‐

sionneedvisiona~leaders?

                                       

Chapter6

 

月‘′poseの?〆”isわ〃

 

205

missionandVisionstatementsliesWithseniorleaders,TheCaretakerassumesthattheorganization

’s missionandVision areshaPedPrimarilybyexternal食)rces.Thecoach

後cilitatestheConsultationandco‐Creation Processthroughwhich missionandVision

aredeveloPedbysta賃丘om acrosstheorganization.Thenurturersees missionsandVIS1onsemergingfromtheC1ashofunPredictable化)rCesandastemPoraryconstructs.

丑叩友粥 豹evq/“eげαc/mro増加Zz傭わ加/pz!のoseor′mss!o′?騨memの7ZA証 organization

’sPurPoseisitsreason食)rbeinginbusiness.H[avingaC1earPurPosehasbecomeimPortantas moreemP1oyees一ルlillennialsin Particular-areloo顔ng貴)rmeaning1n]lworkwithapurPosethatContributestosociety.PurPosecanhavestrategicbenefits,helpingtheorganizationtoidentifyandexploitnew marketopportunitiesthat

areconsistentwiththatpurPose.EvidencesuggeststhatPurpose‐driven organizations

gainhigher marketshare,havehigherProductivityandgrowth,havebetterjobsatis-鏡ctionandemP1oyeeretention,andaremoreinnovative,Forgreaterimpactand menロー

orability,missionstatementsshoulduseconcreteimageryandnotabstractions.

Evidenceandexperiencesuggestthat,tobee節ective,vlslonsshouldbeclear,aPPealing,vivid,ambitious,and attainable,providingasenseofdirection andguidingdecisionmaking,but

 

also

 

flexible

 

enough to

 

accommodate

 

initiative and

 

change.E掻ectivevls・ons

 

also

 

describe

 

a desirable-perhapsidea1一future あrtheorganization. Further

emotionalproperties

 

ofthe e甜ective vlslon,although difficultto

 

de丘ne,arethatit“危elsgood“andthatitemphasizescontinuity,asa“completebreakwiththepast

“canbeseenasthreateninganddemotivating.Researchdemonstratesthatvisionsexpressed

inimage‐basedtermsare more motivatingand memorablethanthosethatusevague

abstractions.“B1urry vision bias”canbeovercome usingthetechnique oftemporaI

PrQiection,whichinvolvesimagininghowtheorganization willlook,feel,and actinthefuture・

4卿リノメ族ere〃“舵豹oぬ 鋼〆processesルrdelぞ/opZ〃gymo〃s.Thereare manyaPProachesto develoPingvlslon,ranging onthe 危miHarcontinuum丘om”telr(thechiefexecutivedeterminesthevision)to“co‐create“(everyonepartici-

patesinthedevelopment).Thereisno“onebestway,”andchoiceisinnuencedbythe

change managementimagem use.Leader‐dominated methodscanberapid,andmaybeinspirational,butarenotconsistentwiththeconceptsofemployeeempowerment

andengagement.M[ostcommentatorssuggestthatco‐creation methods,wheretherole

ofseniorleadersisto“orchestrate“thevision-cra貴ingprocess,are morelikelytoPro-ducebettervisionsand moresuccessfulchange,Staぜ whoarenotdirectlyresponsibleあrcreatingan organizatiodsvisioncan neverthelessbecomeinvolvedintheprocess,byhelpingtoshapeseniorleaders’ideas,bytranslatingthecorporatevision 危rthemembersofagiventeamordePartment,andbydevelopinga丘ontlineteam visionthat

canbetransmitteduptheorganization.

 

otherapproachestocra貴ingvisionhavebeendescribedasintuitive,analytical,andbenchmarking.lntuitive approachesrely onimagination and creativeimagery:W/hatare ourpersonaland organizationalpriorities,and whatdo we needto doto work

toward ourdesired 苑ture?Aaanalyticalapproachlinksvisionto purposeandgoals,usingquestionssuchas:W’hodoweserve?W/hatdowedo?W′heredoweplace most

圏国璽

206

 

ChaPter6

 

P”′Po艶d〃d“s′o/?

           

○foureがorts? HOWdo Weoperationalizethosee”コorts?AbenchmarldngapProachis

             

mLoree×ternany化)cusedand develoPsvisioninrelationtokeycomPetitors:VVhatdo

             

ourcompetitorsd‐owen?Howcan Wedobetterthanthem?日[OWshouldWe measure

             

ourachieVel工lent?\フVhatWiuitbelikeWhenthosestandardshaVebeen met?

     

 

         

 

       

Visionscan鏡江貴)rmanyreasons:toosPeci賃c,toovague,toocomP1e×,魚ilstoaddress

knownProblems,detached 丘omthebusiness,unrealistic,and doesnotoaヨeraclear

view ofthefuture,LackofadaPtationtochangingcircumstancescan makeav・slon

obso1ete,contributingto

 

decisionsthatare notconsistentwith new environmenta1

conditionsandconstraints,Visionsaiso魚ilbecauseof”Visionconisions“-thePresence

oftoo manycomPetingvlslons貴)ranorganization.

互xp超微 動ec鯛耀かz‘”◇〃 げ″z‘′pose の雌 yZSZO′2のo増加Zz傭わ′?〆c加増e.vveexploredthreekeydebates.First,doesvisiondrivechange,ordoesvlslonemerge

丘omtheorganizationalchangeProcess?Second,doesvlslon contributetoorhinder

the organizationalchange Process? Third,arevisionsattributesofheroicleadersor

heroicorganizations?VVithcomLPeningargumentsonbothsidesofthesedebates,the

answersarenotclear.

  

Thetraditionalview seesthevisionoftheheroic,charismaticleaderdrivingand

contributingpositivelytothe organizationalchange process,Thereisevidence and

argumenttochallengethatPerspective.Theimportanceofcharismaandvision mayhavebeenexaggerated.CharismaticseniorfiguresPerhapscontributelesstosustained

organizationaleぼectivenessthanembeddedvisions,corevalues,andenduringideol-

ogies,Visionsareemergentbecauseitisdi賃icultto articulateaclearimageofthe

futureatthestartofadisruPtivetransFormationalchangeProcess・Visionscanimpede

changeby makingstrongemotionalaPPealstothefutureinsteadofFocusingoncur-

rent

 

oPerationalproblems

 

and where

 

organizational

 

capabilities are

 

inadequateto

achievingthevision.

 

Thechange managermustbeawareofthesedebatesandtensionsandtakethese

considerationsinto accountbeforeembarkingon avision develoPmentProcessata

Particulartime

 

in

 

 

specific

 

conte×t. The weight

 

ofcommentary, 丘om academic

research and managementconsultants,apPearsto endorsethevalueofarticulating

clear

 

and

 

comPelling

 

vlslons, However,this

 

perspective

 

should not

 

be

 

taken

 

あr

granted,and a morecautious,skePtical,criticalaPproachisPerhapsadvisable.The

roleandneedForvisionshouldbeassessedinrelationtoeachsPecificorganizational

changesituation,VVhathasbeene]日当ective貴)roneorganization,givenitshistory,cur-

rentchanenges,and future

 

aspirations, may notbewhollyappropriate 貸)ranother

organization withadiがerentbackground,adifferentset。fprob1ems,andadifferent

desiredfuture.

References

 

A1nbler,G.2013,1ocharacteristicsofane節ectivevlsion,onlineblog,http://www,

       

georgeambier,com/10‐characteristics‐ofan‐e鈷ective‐vision(accessed october14,2014).

Ashkenas,R.,and 鮎【anv皿e,B.2019,Youdon’thavetobeCE0tobeavisionary

leader,風解粥川 及′sZ′?essRelノ/e}▽,digitalarticle(APrii):1-6.

                                            

Chapter6

 

Pz″poseの7メメデ瀞0′7

 

207

Ates,N.Y.,Tarakci,ハ&,Porck,J.P.,Van Knippenberg,D・,andGroenen,P.2019.Vvhy

visionaryleadership魚ils.白厩rwrdβ那加essRe財のり,digitalarticle(February):2-5.

Auster,E.R.,帆/ylie,K.K.,and Valente, M.S.2005,Sかのegだ の苦の?鳶のZの?α/欲の壇e′

β肌艦Z′7g所の唯f2のIPαbZ/Zrだs/′7yo”ro増の?/zq”○′?,New york:Palgrave~[acmillan.

Belgard,W.P.,andR‐ayner,S.R.2004.S初夢鯛gr庇月山!だ′月 のノmmZcpmces三夫ファじだαZ!“g

q“dqc崩御〃7gjリヱザcα77Pのりな srmZegZcvな/○′?.N‐eW York:A1nacom.

B1ount,S,,andLeinwand,P.2019,W〆hyare wehere? 鼠αniαrdβ”s/′だ踏 尺のけ錫v

97(6):132‐39.

Boal,K.B.,andHooqberg,R.2001,Strategicleadershipresearch: Mov血gon.乙mdeなゐわ

9”鯖肥りノーー(4):515一49.

Bosche,G‐.2019.The7bestand5worst missionstatementsofA1nerica’stopbrands.

LZ′?たe妬′?,January2,https://www.linkedin.com/Pulse/7‐best-5‐worst‐mission‐statement

americas‐top-brands‐bosche.

Carton,A,M.,andLucas,B,j.2018.Howcanleadersovercometheblurryvlslon

bias?ldentiルinganantidotetotheparadoxofvisioncommunication.4mdemyqf

M伽αgemの7rノα卯α′61(6):2106-29.

Collins,J.C.,andPorras,J.1,1991.organizationalvisionandvisionaryorganizations.

Cα/於〃”” Mmmge′??e〃ZRelぜ釧 34(1):30‐52.

Collins,J,C.,andPorras,j.1.1996,Buildingyourcompany’svision.鼠αrm〆〆 β那加ess

Relぜ釧 74(5):65-77.

Collins,J.C,,andPorras,j.1.2005.及ば/『ゎ 慮れSz‘cc盗躯ばため如 けvZSZO′7my の′7勿αmes.2nded.NewYork:HarperCollins.

Davidson,H.2004.77だ の粥川!rzedeme′Pr/se′嵐owro〃似たevZSZO〃,川島f総 研?メケ班“!′?g

worた.2nded.London:Routledge.

Deetz,S. 」 Tracy,S,工,andsi1npson,1.L.2000.‐Leαd/′?go増α雛z耀Z○′7s功〆○”gた方m?s!”○′?s′

CO′77′?mmcの!α?”′?〆Gmrzザメ 叱α“ge.Thousandoaks,CA:SagePublications・

FinanciaIReportingCounci12020.4mm/Rev脚vげrたe ぴK‐Co′pomze Gover〃のにe

Code.London.

Ford,J.D.,andPasmore,W,A.2006,Vision:Friendorfbeduringchange?おz′m頒Qf

4ロメZedβe乃仰Zo′″/sde′7ce42(2):172一76,

Galbraith,M.2018.Don’tjusttellemployeesorganizationalchangesarecoming-explain

why.鼠αryα′d 及頒′?essRevZgw,digitalarticle(october):1-5.

Gardner,VV.L.,and Avolio,B.J.1998.Thecharismaticrelationship:A draltlaturgical

perspective,Amde′仰 げ 賜α卿gememRelぜew23(1):32‐58.

Gerstner,L.V.2003.VVhosayselephantscan’tdance?lnsideIBNIShistoricturnover.

NewYork:HarperBusiness.

Go節ee,R.,andJones,G.2000.W/hyshouldanyonebeledbyyou?白αrmrdβ”s!′?ess

Rewew78(5):63‐70.

208

 

ChaPter6

 

P”′Posed′?〆“s′o′7

Gupta,R,,andVVendler,j.2005Mc焔硲のノ9加′だめノ(July):1-6.

Haines,s.G,,Aュler-Stead,G,,and人なcヌコnlay,.2〇〇5,だ郡‘/zs 豹m.z増左 球sze“7s 効力7顔′?g.SanFrancisco:P食うifiヨer

日al比le1,G,,andPraha1ad,C.K.1989.Strategicintent.Hamel,G,,andPrahalad,C67(3):2-14.

Harris,L.C.,and ogbonna,ERの78g彫αmm7g32(3):333‐43,

Holpp,L.,andKelly,Mめ”r〃”/42(9):4 55.

Jick,T,D,12(4):36‐38

Kante R,M,,Stein,B,A.,andJick,T.D.1992占めwco“のの?/ese×z7e門の7ce!rの?〆迄ααの g”!〆ezz,

kゴilkpatrick,S. }.2017,Tbwardagroundedtheory:A qualitativestudyofvisionstatementdevelopment.めzmm/〆 賜の?αgemの7Z自衛のノα〃〆乃解放e18(1):87-101.

Kolowich,L,2019.17trulyinspiringcompanyvislonand missionstatementexamples亙zぬSpoz,https://blog,hubspot.com/marketing/inspiringcompanymission‐statements

(accessed Decemberl9,2019),

Kotter,J.P,2012.乙eαメカ?g欲の増e

Landau,D.,Drori,1,,andporras

rejoindertoreviewers’comments

Langeler,G,H.1992,Thevisiontrap,息の粥川 βz!s!′?essRel’Zew70(2):5‐12,

Lashins却,A,2019,ReWritingatoystory.恥rrz′〃g180(6):98-103.

Lipton,M.1996,Demysti簿ingthedevelopmentofan organizationalvision.Sわα〃Mqmgemem尺g1ぜew37(4):83‐92,

Lissack,公4,,and Roos,J.2001.Becoherent,notVisionary,Lo′?gRmlgeZ)/mm/′2g54(1):53‐70,

公なainwair宣1g,S.2018,PurPoseatwork:H[ow ChobanibundsapurposeFulculturearound

socialimpact,恥形es(August27):1-5,https://wwwおrbes.com/sites/simonmainwaring/2018/08/27/howchobani‐builds‐a‐purpose和1‐culturearound‐social‐impact,

Malnight,T.W.,Buche,1.,and Dhanar可,C.2019.Putpurposeatthecoreofyour

strategy.嵐αrmm &!s/′?ess尺g1ぜew97(5):70‐79.

公【etais,E.2000,SEBgroup:BuildingasubVersivestrategy,β“sZ′7esss緒”忽那ノ尺ev!gwll(4):39‐47.

Mitchell,C,2002,Sellingthebrandinside,鼠αrvα′d β〃s/′?essRe1’!gw80(1):99‐105.

Leadingchange:Aninterview withtheCE0ofP&G

2005,E/7Ze加川se-w/de 所の?gie′&勿erわr

1999.Thestrategic1egacyofcompanyFounders,乙o刀g

1988.Realizingthepossibilities,万・協粥効gα′?dDeye加野me′?『

2001,Visionis

 

lo%,implementationtherest.β”“′?essSzmre野 Rg1’Zgw

                            New ork:FreePress.

2nded.Boston, MA:Harvard UniversityPress

J.2006,Vision:Friendand 免eduringchange:A

おぼれ破 け4pp/!edβeたのめ〆〃/Sdg′7ce42(2):177‐81

Chapter6

 

P〃′posed〃d“s′o′7

 

209

M[urphy,C.,andC1ark,J.R.2016.Picturethis:Howthelanguageofleadersdrives

perあrmance.○増加/zの/o〃〆 のノm〃?!cs45(2):139‐46.

Nadler,D.A.1998,αm′”p!o′7sげc加′7ge′鼠oWCEOS 鯛〆豹eか の“勿備Zesqremαsre“〃g

物es顔ぬ けmdたのcたの?ge.SanFrancisco:JosseyBass,

Nadler,D.A.,andshaw,R.B.1995,Beyondtheheroicleader

cたα〃ge′乙m露〃go増αm躍如〃”/rr伽帆orm僻め′7,ed.D.A,Nadler,Walton(217‐31).San Francisco:Jossey‐Bass.

0’Brien,D,,ハ1ain,A,,Kounkel,S.,andStephan, 」.R.2019

2020G″obα/凡名αrた“/“g77だ“ぬ,ed.D.〇’Brien, L M[ain,S.(7‐13).London:Deloitte DevelopmentLLC.

Pendiebury,J.,Grouard,B.,andハ[eston,F.1998,劣力ere打 た

mα“αge′“e′% London:Johnvviley& SonsLtd.

Quinn,R.E.1996.Deep豹α〃ge′DZScover/〃gr庇′eqde内密加配

Quinn,R.E,,andThakor,A.V2018

βz‘sZ′7essRev!ew96(4):78‐85.

leader,ln D!sの′?r!′?′乙のZ!s

Nadler,R,B,Shaw,andA.E.

9.Purposeiseverything.ln

Kounkel,andA.R.Stephan

l998,“?ere〃た奪srosz‘cces帆ばcたの?ge

san Francisco:jossey‐Bass.

Creatingapurpose‐driven organization.嵐αr粥川

Raynor,M.E.i998.Thatvisionthing:Doweneedit?乙o〃gRα〃解 躍mm/〃g31(3):368‐76

Robbins,rl.,andFinley,八α.1997. 予後γ吻の7gedoes′“lyorな 謬り伊 方?訪ねr!vesgo wro刀g

q刀メカolyroz〃αgの′?-α打α麗にceed London:orion・

Rogers,C

       

Schoemaker,P.1.日,1992.Howtolinkstrategicvisiontocorecapabilities

賜α徹geme“『Rev/ew34(1):67-81,

Shaw,R.B.architecture.トladler,R.B

C.2007.窮め〃“”/のα/ZZZO′7s′M伽re“′?grたe屑dde〃のノ〃の77にsげo増加Zz蛸Zo〃〆

NewYork:PaigraveM【acmillan.

1995.Theessenceofdiscontinuouschange:Leadership,identityand

ln D/sco′mmのz‘sc加増e′乙eqd!〃go増αmm『Zo〃〆r′m?帆ormαrZo〃,ed.D.A.

.Shaw,A.E.Waiton,andAssociates(66‐81).SanFrancisco:losserBass.

Symons,j.2006.Thevisionthing.E./eのmng4ge(April):18‐19

Venus,M.,Stam,D.,andvanKnippenberg,D.2019.Visionsofchangeasvlslonsof

continuity.4mde′輝 け Mαmgeme〃rゐzmm/62(3):667‐90.

Sourceofopeningquote官om Tayiorswi賃,https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/change

Chapteropeningsilhouettecredit:FunKeyFactory/Shutterstock