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ganization. New York, NY: Free Press.

CHAPTER TWO OPEN VERSUSCLOSED SYSTEMS

Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this chapter, students shouldbe able to do the following:

De�ne closed-system models: scienti�c man‐agement, administrative management, andbureaucratic managementDe�ne open-system models: total quality man‐agement model and supply chain/synergymodelDescribe how the environment is changingand the need for a learning organizationExplain how the criminal justice system canbecome a learning organization

Organization design and management practices havetransformed over time in response to changes in society56% of sample

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