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INST560, Internet of Things (IoT)UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 4: Winter 2023
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
aliakbar.jalali@live.uona.edu
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Topics Introduction
Components of an IoT Systems
Things on IoT Systems
Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
Challenges on IoT
IoT Challenges in 2023
Major Technology Challenges in IoT
Conclusion
References
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Introduction• The Internet of Things operates around Internet and a massive network.
• Various components are involved which work together to form an organized
system.
• In General, there are two major components to the Internet of Things.
• An object or a “thing” which you intend to make smart by providing connectivity.
• Embedded system which provides this connectivity.
• Based on collected data from connected products, autonomous actions are
performed by the devices.
• Understanding what is an IoT system, along with its various components,
helps understand how the Internet of Things works and what are challenges.
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Components of an IoT Systems
Actuator
Gateway
+ 5 V
– GND
Real Word Data
N
Network
Device to device Device to Server Server to Server
Communication Protocols
Protocols Protocol Protocol
https://ww
w.youtube.com
/watch?v=M
kW8TU
0jcSk
Sensors
CloudThings
Mobile users or WWW
Data Analytic
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An IoT System Components
• Sensors and Actuators: These are the devices that collect data from the physical environment and
also control the physical systems.
• Networking: This component enables the communication of data between the sensors and actuators,
and the central control system.
• Gateway: This component acts as an intermediary between the sensor and actuator network and the
central control system. It is responsible for collecting and processing the data from the sensors and
sending commands to the actuators.
• Cloud or on-premises server: This component is responsible for storing and processing the data
collected by the sensors, and also for providing the necessary computing resources for the IoT
system to function.
• User interface: This component provides a way for the user to interact with the IoT system, and to
view and control the data that is being collected and processed.
• Security: This component provides protection against unauthorized access to the IoT system and its
data.
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Major components of an IoT systems• Things or Devices, Sensing and embedding components, Gateway, Cloud, Analytic, user
interface plus Connectivity.
• Sensing and embedding components (Sensor – Actuator)
• This is the first tier of an IoT ecosystem, and it forms the backbone of the entire Internet of Things network.
• Connectivity (Protocols – IoT Protocol)
• IoT is a network involving devices, sensors, cloud and actuators and all these needs to interconnect with one another to
be able to decipher data and consequently perform an action.
• IoT cloud
• Once the data has been collected and it has traveled to the cloud, it needs to be processed. The cloud is where the “smart
stuff” takes place!
• IoT analytics and data management
• Data may be a small word, but it holds immense power that can pose a huge effect on any business. IoT Analytics is used
to make sense of the vast amounts of analog data.
• End-user devices and user interface
• The user interface is the visible component that is easily accessible and in control of the IoT user. This is where a user
can control the system and set their preferences.
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IoT Component: Smart devices and sensors• Devices and sensors are the components of the device connectivity layer.
• These smart sensors are continuously collecting data from the environment and transmit
the information to the next layer.
• Latest techniques in the semiconductor technology can produce micro smart sensors for
various applications.
• Common sensors are:
• Temperature sensors and thermostats
• Pressure sensors
• Humidity / Moisture level
• Light intensity detectors
• Moisture sensors
• Proximity detection
• RFID tags
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IoT Component: Gateway
• IoT Gateway manages the bidirectional data traffic between different networks and
protocols.
• Another function of gateway is to translate different network protocols and make sure
interoperability of the connected devices and sensors.
• Gateways can be configured to perform pre-processing of the collected data from
thousands of sensors locally before transmitting it to the next stage.
• In some scenarios, it would be necessary due to compatibility of TCP/IP protocol.
• IoT gateway offers certain level of security for the network and transmitted data with
higher order encryption techniques.
• It acts as a middle layer between devices and cloud to protect the system from
malicious attacks and unauthorized access.
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IoT Component: Cloud
• Internet of things creates massive data from devices, applications and users which must be managed
in an efficient way.
• IoT cloud offers tools to collect, process, manage and store huge amount of data in real time.
• Industries and services can easily access these data remotely and make critical decisions when
necessary.
Basically, IoT cloud is a sophisticated high-performance network of servers optimized to perform
high speed data processing of billions of devices, traffic management and deliver accurate analytics.
• Distributed database management systems are one of the most important components of IoT cloud.
• Cloud system integrates billions of devices, sensors, gateways, protocols, data storage and provides
predictive analytics.
• Companies use these analytics data for improvement of products and services, preventive measures
for certain steps and build their new business model accurately.
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IoT Component: Analytics
• Analytics is the process of converting analog data from billions of smart devices and
sensors into useful insights which can be interpreted and used for detailed analysis.
• Smart analytics solutions are inevitable for IoT system for management and
improvement of the entire system.
• One of the major advantages of an efficient IoT system is real time smart analytics
which helps engineers to find out irregularities in the collected data and act fast to
prevent an undesired scenario.
• Service providers can prepare for further steps if the information is collected
accurately at the right time.
• Big enterprises use the massive data collected from IoT devices and utilize the insights
for their future business opportunities.
• Careful analysis will help organizations to predict trends in the market and plan ahead
for a successful implementation.
• Information is very significant in any business model and predictive analysis ensures
success in concerned area of business line.
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IoT Component: User Interface
• User interfaces are the visible, tangible part of the IoT system which can be
accessible by users.
• Designers will have to make sure a well-designed user interface for minimum
effort for users and encourage more interactions.
• Modern technology offers much interactive design to ease complex tasks into
simple touch panels controls.
• Multicolor touch panels have replaced hard switches in our household
appliances and the trend is increasing for almost every smart home devices.
• User interface design has higher significance in today’s competitive market, it
often determines the user whether to choose a particular device or appliance.
• Users will be interested to buy new devices or smart gadgets if it is very user
friendly and compatible with common wireless standards.
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Components of an IoT Systems • Sensing and embedding components: This essential layer consists of physical, micro
appliances, embedded in an IoT device, which are responsible for collecting data or controlling
a mechanism.
• Actuators: Actuators work opposite to that of sensors. While sensors, sense; actuators act.
• Connectivity: IoT is a network involving devices, sensors, cloud and actuators and all these
needs to interconnect with one another to be able to decipher data and consequently perform
an action.
• IoT cloud: Once the data has been collected and it has traveled to the cloud, it needs to be
processed.
• IoT analytics and data management: IoT Analytics is used to make sense of the vast amounts of
analog data.
• End-user devices and user interface: This is where a user can control the system and set their
preferences.
12https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem
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What is Things on IoT Systems • A thing, in the context of the Internet of
things (IoT), is an entity or physical object
that has a unique identifier, an embedded
system and the ability to transfer data over
a network.
• Given the ability of wireless technology,
and IPv6 addresses the capacity of
THINGS in IoT could be developed for
almost anything imaginable, examples like
chair, fridge, bike, oven, coffee maker
watch, etc..
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What is Things on IoT Systems • Physical things can share and collect
data with minimal human intervention.
• In this hyperconnected world, digital
systems can record, monitor, and
adjust each interaction between
connected things.
• The physical Things meets the digital
world in IoT, and they cooperate.
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Things on IoT Systems
• The Internet of Things (IoT)
describes the network of physical
objects—“things”, that are
embedded with sensors, software,
and other technologies for the
purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices
and systems over the internet.15
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• A Sampler of Home Automation IoT Devices• Introduce the following popular IoT devices used in the home and office:
a.Smart home assistants
b.Smart thermostats
c.Smart vents
d.Smart light bulbs
e.Smart door locks
f. Video doorbells
g.Smoke alarms
h.Security systems
i. Irrigation systems
j. Smart appliances
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices• A Sampler of Home and Office Automation IoT Devices
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• While home automation is a current
driver of IoT, industrial IoT
products will likely have a greater
impact on society.
• Industrial IoT (IIoT) uses some of
the same technologies as other IoT
devices but differs in security,
ruggedness, networking, and the
types of devices involved.
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices• Industrial IoT (IIoT) uses some of the same technologies as other IoT devices but
differs in many aspects, such as security, ruggedness, networking, and the types of
devices involved.
• IIoT is used in utilities, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, city infrastructure, and a
plethora of other industries.
• The use of IoT technologies in industry has been dubbed Industry 4.0
• Industry 4.0 makes use of virtualization, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence to
create what is called a cyber-physical system (CPS)
• Some of the same IoT technologies are used in both home automation and industry
• Industrial usage often requires industrial version of sensors because they must hold
up under harsh environments, high vibrations, and possibly extreme temperatures
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices• Industrial IoT Devices
• The use of IoT in industry has been
dubbed Industry 4.0.
• Explain that it makes use of virtualization,
cloud computing, and artificial intelligence
to create what is called a cyber-physical
system (CPS).
• Some of the same technologies are used
in both industry and home automation,
especially environmental sensors such as
temperature, humidity, motion, and sound
sensors.
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• Industrial IoT Devices
• Following lists of devices that might be found in industrial
applications that aren’t as common as those in home automation:
a. Actuators
b.Electric motor
c. Solenoid
d.RFID tags
e. PLCs
f. IoT gateways
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices• Types of devices you might find in industrial applications include the following:
• Actuators
• An actuator is a general category of output device that provides
automatic movement, such as turning a valve to open or close a pipe
• Electric motor
• An electric motor rotates at a particular speed and direction in
response to an electrical signal
• Stepper motors rotate in a series of steps, providing precise movement
• Servo motors provide either partial rotation or continuous rotation
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices• Types of devices you might find in industrial applications include the following:
• Solenoid
• A solenoid is a tightly wound coil of wire that creates a strong magnetic field when
electricity is applied
• RFID tags
• RFID tags are attached to objects and are used to identify and track the objects
• PLCs
• Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are input/output controllers used in assembly
lines, robotics, and automated machinery
• IoT gateways
• IoT gateway devices translate data coming from an IoT network to another type of
network
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Metaverse With IoT: Leading Global Transformation
• Imagine a scenario where your
physical reality and digital life
are seamlessly connected.
• This sounds straight out of a
movie scene, right? Completely
fictional? To be honest, that is
fast becoming a reality.
Welcome to the Metaverse.
24https://clutch.co/development/resources/metaverse-iot-global-transformation
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Metaverse With IoT: Leading Global Transformation• Relationship Between the Metaverse and IoT
• First introduced in 1999, IoT refers to a giant network of physical objects – such as voice-activated
speakers, sensors, and thermostats – connected over the internet.
• Common examples of IoT include healthcare assets like medical devices, everyday household items
such as light bulbs, and smart cities.
• Now, the IoT is set to transform the Metaverse by seamlessly connecting the 3D world to many real-life
devices.
• But What Role will IoT Play in the Metaverse?
• It is predicted that IoT will minimize one of the most significant challenges faced in the Metaverse, i.e., mapping data from real life into a
digital reality in real-time. IoT’s primary role would be to bring the physical world into the digital realm.
• Contrary to popular belief, the real MVP in the Metaverse is Augmented Reality (AR), not Virtual Reality (VR). There will, obviously, be a
need for more advanced IoT layers architectures in the Metaverse and its immersive virtual environment.
• IoT in the Metaverse can help create a digital twin of people – the bespoke avatar mentioned earlier – to connect our physical and virtual
worlds.
25https://clutch.co/development/resources/metaverse-iot-global-transformation
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s (Io
T) • Follow This link for the rest
•https://clutch.co/development/resource
s/metaverse-iot-global-transformation
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IoT: Key Technology To The Metaverse• The broad term, IoT can be
considered a giant network of
connected devices, an
ecosystem that exchanges
data over a wired or wireless
network.
• According to Insider
Intelligence forecast, there
will be 3.74 billion IoT mobile
connections worldwide by
2025 and more than 64 billion
IoT devices installed by 2026.
27https://www.valuewalk.com/iot-key-technology-to-the-metaverse/
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IoT And The Metaverse• Metaverse and its immersive virtual environment will increase demand
for more advanced IoT architectures.
• Like many have said, the real hype of the metaverse lies within AR and
not VR.
• The ability to stay interconnected between the virtual world and reality
is vital in driving up demand for IoT spending.
• While the metaverse will blur the line between reality and virtual in the
future through XR, it will need to leverage IoT devices such as sensors
and wearables (sensor gloves, head-mounted devices, glasses, etc.).
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SmartMesh
• SmartMesh is a blockchain-based underlying protocol of
the Internet of Things.
• Through built-in blockchain light nodes and extending the
Raiden and Lightning Networks second layer
architecture network protocols, SmartMesh allows
internet-free digital transactions.
• SmartMesh also enables agile, decentralized Mesh
Networks via blockchain-based token incentives.
29https://www.valuewalk.com/iot-key-technology-to-the-metaverse/
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
Challenges
Security
Reliability
Heterogeneity
Large ScaleBig Data
Legal and Social
Aspects
Demand BarriResp
onseers
Each device which is
connected to IoT
ecosystem,
increases chance of
different challenges.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• IoT has brought new challenges to developers, manufacturers, and customers
who rely on their products and services.
• Many of the greatest IoT challenges today have been there from the beginning.
Still, they’re becoming more pronounced as IoT becomes more prolific and
accessible.
• Adding connectivity to a device is easier than ever.
• But every new IoT application has to address or ignore the same challenges,
and many manufacturers are still unaware of how today’s IoT technologies
help solve them.
• In the following slides, we’ll look at the seven main challenges facing IoT
today, plus the technologies that address them.
31https://www.emnify.com/blog/iot-challenges-2023
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• IoT security
• Coverage
• Scalability
• Interoperability
• Bandwidth availability
• Limited battery life
• Remote access32https://www.emnify.com/blog/iot-challenges-2023
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• IoT security
• IoT devices have been very vulnerable to cyber attacks. This problem isn’t going to just go away because, unfortunately, it stems
from some inherent issues with IoT devices.
• IoT devices often have a limited power supply and need to last for years in the field on a single charge.
• As a result, they need to transmit and receive data with little power.
• Adding encryption, authentication, and security protocols can significantly increase the power consumption of basic transmissions,
so many IoT devices don’t have these capabilities.
• IoT devices may rely on the end users’ network infrastructure (such as WiFi), and you have a perfect storm.
• The device becomes increasingly vulnerable to cyber-attacks and can be used to access other devices and applications on the
network.
• The solution
• Thankfully, low-power connectivity solutions continue to implement new security technologies, this is an area where cellular IoT is
particularly valuable.
• Providers help close security gaps with virtual private network (VPN) capabilities and greater control over your devices’
communications.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• Coverage
• To transmit and receive data, IoT devices need a network connection, lose the connection, and you lose the
device’s capabilities.
• While there are numerous IoT connectivity solutions, they’re all best suited for different types of coverage.
• The solution you choose can severely limit where you can deploy, this makes coverage a constant IoT challenge.
• For example, WiFi is a common choice for IoT connectivity, but your devices can only operate within a short range
of a router, and you can only deploy your devices at locations that have WiFi.
• When the infrastructure isn’t available, you must either pay to build it or outfit your devices with a backup solution
that already has coverage.
• The solution
• Several technologies provide wide coverage, enabling IoT devices to operate within a few miles of the network
infrastructure. While cellular is the most popular option, there are also Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs)
like Sigfox and LoRaWAN.
• In the years to come, satellite connectivity will likely become more common as well.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• Scalability
• IoT businesses often have hundreds or thousands of devices in the field, the largest IoT manufacturers have
millions of devices deployed around the world.
• As businesses scale, they often piecemeal together their IoT stack, adopting different connectivity solutions for
deployments in new regions, each of these comes with different management platforms, support systems, and
underlying technologies.
• The larger the scale of your operations, the more overwhelming device management, and logistics become.
• This is even a problem with cellular IoT, where connectivity is available worldwide but owned by disparate Mobile
Network Operators (MNOs).
• To connect to a new carrier, you need a provider with roaming agreements with that carrier or a new SIM card.
• The solution
• Global IoT solutions with cellular operator circumvent this challenge by creating agreements with carriers all over
the world.
• With a single SIM card, your devices can connect to more than 540 networks in over 195 countries.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• Interoperability
• One of the incredible things about IoT is the seemingly endless ways you can configure your tech stack to suit your unique
circumstances. But it also creates a challenge: Not all IoT devices and solutions are compatible with each other or with your
business applications.
• Adding new hardware and software to the mix may require you to make a chain reaction of changes to keep the functionality you
need while accommodating the new tech.
• There’s another way interoperability challenges IoT manufacturers. Some of the underlying tech your IoT solution depends on may
be open source.
• That isn’t a problem itself, but if that open-source technology doesn’t have a regulating body to create a clear universal standard,
you can wind up with different businesses and/or countries using different variations of the open-source tech.
• This makes it difficult to add technology from a different vendor or deploy your IoT solution in a new country. It’s certainly not a
problem for every IoT application, but some industries need to accelerate their adoption of universal standards to improve
interoperability.
• The solution
• Thankfully, most components of your IoT stack are relatively easy to exchange for other tech. And the trend within the industry is to
make IoT solutions versatile by making integration as simple as possible.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• Bandwidth availability
• Radio Frequency (RF) bandwidth is a finite resource the entire world must share. Even with billions of
connected devices, there’s more than enough to go around. But when too many of these devices use
the same frequency bands in the same location, their signals interfere with each other.
• A common example of this is WiFi in apartment buildings. Every resident with a WiFi router creates a
separate network that uses the same frequencies (usually 5GHz or 2.4GHz). Since they’re so close
together (in some cases on either side of the same wall), their signals can easily interfere when
everyone tries to use these frequencies simultaneously.
• In IoT, you often have thousands of connected devices in relatively close proximity. As we continue
adding billions of new devices, the RF spectrum will grow increasingly crowded. Signal interference
and the availability of bandwidth are something manufacturers need to be aware of. Thankfully, there
are several ways the industry is addressing this.
• The solution (next slide)
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• The solution
• Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) worldwide pay for a license that essentially privatizes segments of
the RF spectrum, like a toll lane on a highway, making it so that only their customers can access this
bandwidth. Different MNOs who operate in the same area each have their own licensed bands, which
helps decrease the likelihood of interference.
• Some IoT solutions, like LoRaWAN, use unlicensed bands available to the public. These can be prone
to interference in high-traffic areas, but this flexibility can help businesses avoid concentrating their
devices on already crowded bands.
• New IoT technologies are also finding more efficient ways to use bandwidth. Narrowband IoT, for
example, is a cellular network technology that uses narrower bands, including the “guard bands,”
which normally serve as unused gaps between networks.
• While 5G isn’t quite ready for widespread use in IoT, it will soon give businesses access to a much
greater range of the RF spectrum. This will allow the world to distribute IoT devices across more
frequencies.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• Limited battery life
• Most IoT devices have small batteries. This is mainly because the devices are often incredibly small—
and new generations of IoT technology are trending smaller and more efficient devices and
components.
• Larger batteries could restrict a device’s use cases or limit where and how the device can be
installed.
• For example, putting a larger battery on a predictive maintenance sensor could prevent you from
installing the sensor where it would be most protected from extreme temperatures, debris, impact,
and other conditions that could cause damage.
• For devices that spend most of their lifecycle in the field without access to another power source, the
battery is designed to last for years.
• But it can only last all that time if the device’s regular operations drain minimal power. Transmitting or
receiving data for extended periods drains too much battery life.
• The solution (next page)
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• The solution
• Newer networking technologies like NB-IoT and LTE-M have power-saving features like Power-Saving
Mode (PSM) and Discontinuous Reception (DRX).
• These features can help extend the battery life of IoT devices to 10 years or more, but many older
technologies still in use today don’t have these capabilities, leaving businesses to choose between
too little data throughput and too much power consumption.
• Another way manufacturers can make more efficient use of their batteries is with specialized IoT
routers and gateways.
• These pieces of network infrastructure can serve as intermediaries between IoT devices and the
applications and network entities they need to communicate with.
• The gateway or router can support the more complicated protocols and security processes like
encryption and authentication, keeping devices secure while minimizing their power consumption.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them• Remote access
• The type of connectivity an IoT device uses can change how you’re able to access the device. For example, using
your customers’ WiFi or ethernet requires support personnel to either have VPN privileges or be on the premises.
• On-site visits are extremely expensive, but if that’s the only way a technician can troubleshoot or update your
device, you’re stuck paying the additional costs.
• Remote access capabilities dramatically lower the costs of support and maintenance—for you or your
customers—and make routine firmware updates far more manageable at any scale.
• Unfortunately, many IoT connectivity solutions lack the data throughput to make global remote access viable.
• A single firmware update over a network with low data throughput consumes too much power for devices that rely
on batteries.
• This is another strength of cellular connectivity. Cellular networks offer the data throughput needed to efficiently
push updates to your devices and the required technology for secure remote access through VPNs.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT• Smart Sensors Challenges
• Security Challenges
• Privacy Challenges
• Connectivity Challenges
• Compatibility Challenges
• Other Challenges
• Smart connectivity: Keeping high privacy and security of all connected
devices, Treating big data, Reducing the overall data latency among
machine-to-machine interactions, Reducing bandwidth and power
consumption and Complexity.42https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69788
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT• Smart Sensors Challenges:
• One the most important component of major IoT system is smart sensors.
• Industries, food processing, smart farming, retail, storage, healthcare and
smart city applications are using smart sensors for data collection.
• These sensors must be developed to support specific requirements and
reliable real-time operation.
• IoT sensors may vary from simple temperature sensors to complex sensors
which extracts information from its surroundings.
• Design, development and successful implementation of wide range of smart
sensors are often challenging task.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT• Security Challenges:
• Another major challenge of IoT is the security aspect.
• As the IoT system grows, the significance of the security also becomes a big concern.
• Simply hacking a household device does not cause much harm compared to shutdown of a
power grid which cause power outage to a large geographical area.
• Security upgrades are usually implemented by including additional security patches to the OS.
• IoT devices and system should support future upgrades / updates as well.
• Fatal security failure could happen due insufficient security measures of IoT devices and
gadgets when competitors within the industry trying to secure their position in the market.
• Since IoT technology has not been standardized, many small scale, medium scale and startups
will try their part to become a player in the IoT business without enough security measures.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT• Privacy Challenges:
• Personal privacy is a significant factor in any system which collect user information.
• IoT devices collect personal information and transmitted via wired or wireless
network.
• Collected information is stored in a centralized database and used for future needs.
• Personal information of the consumer must be protected by avoiding any chances of
unauthorized access and hacking.
• Sensitive information regarding a user’s habits, lifestyle, health etc. could be misused
if unauthorized access of data is possible.
• IoT system should meet privacy requirements of each country’s regulations and make
sure user privacy is protected.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT• Connectivity Challenges:
• Majority of the IoT devices would be connected to a wireless network
for its specific requirement and convenience.
• There are many wireless transmission technologies used IoT system
like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa WAN, SigFox, Zigbee etc. … Each of this
system has its own advantages and specifications.
• Implementation of multiple technology platforms is challenging for
developers since information must be shared between devices and
application.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT• Compatibility Challenges:
• Like any other emerging technologies, IoT is also growing in different areas to support wide
variety of applications.
• As it grows faster, competition also increases, and companies try to standardize their
technology as industrial standard.
• Any extra hardware requirement for compatibility will cause additional investments to the
service providers and consumers as well.
• IoT devices and networks must be compatible with all conventional transmission technologies.
• Compatibility of devices is an important and challenging topic while dealing with wide range of
devices, applications, transmission technologies and gateways.
• In order to have an efficient IoT infrastructure, technology must be standardized, network
protocols, transmission bands, data rate and processing need to be defined and monitored.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
• Other Challenges:
• Complexity: IoT is complex due to the wide are of applications. Every system
must be designed, tested and implemented according to its specification.
• Power: like all other smart system, IoT also requires power for its smart
sensors, wireless transmitting devices and gadgets. It must be efficient in
terms of power consumptions.
• Cloud access: most the IoT will be using a centralized cloud-based process
control system. In order to reduce latency and maintain real time connectivity
in a cloud base system are challenging.
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Three Major Challenges Facing IoT
•Technology, Business and Society
• Technological Challenges: there are many technological challenges,
including Security, Connectivity, Compatibility & Longevity, Standards
and Intelligent Analysis & Actions
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IoT security challenges• Developing a thorough understanding of IoT cybersecurity issues and executing a
strategy to mitigate the related risks will help protect your business and build
confidence in digital transformation processes.
• Significant IoT security challenges are :
• Weak password protection
• Lack of encryption
• Insufficient testing and updating
• IoT Malware and ransomware
• Lack of regular patches and updates and weak update mechanism
• Insecure interfaces
• Insufficient data protection
• Poor IoT device management
• The IoT skills gap
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• IoT has already turned into
a serious security concern
that has drawn the
attention of prominent tech
firms and government
agencies across the world.
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Security Challenge
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• The hacking of baby monitors,
smart fridges, thermostats,
drug infusion pumps, cameras
and even the radio in your car
are signifying a security
nightmare being caused by the
future of IoT. 52
Security Challenge
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• So many new nodes being added
to networks and the internet will
provide malicious actors with
innumerable attack vectors and
possibilities to carry out their evil
deeds, especially since a
considerable number of them
suffer from security holes.53
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• The more important shift in security
will come from the fact that IoT will
become more ingrained in our lives.
• Concerns will no longer be limited to
the protection of sensitive information
and assets.
• Our very lives and health can become
the target of IoT hack attacks.
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•There are many reasons
behind the state of
insecurity in IoT.
•Some of it has to do with
the industry.
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Society Challenge• Understanding IoT from the customers and
regulators prospective is not an easy task for the
following reasons:
• Customer demands and requirements change
constantly.
• New uses for devices—as well as new devices—
sprout and grows at breakneck speeds.
• Inventing and reintegrating must-have features
and capabilities are expensive and take time and
resources.
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Society Challenge• The uses for Internet of Things technology are
expanding and changing—often in uncharted waters.
• Consumer Confidence: Each of these problems could
put a dent in consumers' desire to purchase connected
products, which would prevent the IoT from fulfilling its
true potential.
• Lack of understanding or education by consumers of
best practices for IoT devices security to help in
improving privacy, for example change default
passwords of IoT devices.
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Society Challenge
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Society Challenge
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Society Challenge
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Challenges on IoT: Security
Security in IoT
Privacy
Keeping the personal information including healthcare data safe
Reduction the risk of violation
TrustMake a mutual trust among
providers and people for data interaction
Data confidentiality
Guarantee that only authorized entities can access and modify data
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Connectivity Challenge
• As the complexity and collection of the traffic that flows through the
networks are continuously growing, the innovation becomes difficult to
achieve in both IoT and legacy networks.
• IoT application domains from a traffic characteristics perspective is a
challenge, specifically traffic characteristics, used network
technologies for implementation, and their feasibility as well as
challenges.
• Key factor in future IoT development is network technologies and the
way they handle and forward network traffic.
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Connectivity Challenge
• Connecting so many devices will
be one of the biggest challenges
of the future of IoT, and it will
defy the very structure of
current communication models
and the underlying technologies.
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Connectivity Challenge
•At present we depend on
the centralized,
server/client paradigm to
verify, authorize and
connect different nodes in
a network.
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Connectivity Challenge
• This model is enough for current IoT
ecosystems, where tens, hundreds
or even thousands of devices are
involved.
• But when networks grow to join
billions and hundreds of billions of
devices, centralized systems will
turn into a bottleneck.
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Connectivity Challenge
• Such systems will require huge
investments and spending in
maintaining cloud servers that
can handle such large amounts of
information exchange, and entire
systems can go down if the
server becomes unavailable.
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Connectivity Challenge
• The future of IoT will very much have to depend on
decentralizing IoT networks.
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Compatibility and Long-life challenge
• IoT is growing in many different
directions, with many different
technologies competing to
become the standard.
• This will cause difficulties and
require the deployment of extra
hardware and software when
connecting devices.68
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Compatibility and Long-life challenge
• Other compatibility issues
stem from non-unified cloud
services, lack of
standardized M2M protocols
and diversities in firmware
and operating systems
among IoT devices.
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Standards Challenge• One of the most difficult challenges in the IoT evolution is
standardization
• Without global standards, the complication of machines that need
to connect and interact with one another (along with automation,
service quality, data repository, and so on) would skyrocket.
• The Internet of Things promises lots of interconnected devices,
which would necessitate universal standards in order to function
at a degree of complexity that is appropriate, scalable, and
manageable.
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Standards Challenge• In a world dominated by smart devices, security is very important, IoT
standardization is necessary to keep security.
• Many have proposed that a common model for the Internet of Things
could help us solve some of the industry’s current problems.
• Laws and limitations can aid in defining the scope of data protection
and determining when and how data can be purchased or exchanged.
• It can also help to dispel any misunderstandings about collection of
data and information manipulation.
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Standards Challenge• Technology standards which include
network protocols, communication
protocols, and data-aggregation
standards, are the sum of all activities of
handling, processing and storing the data
collected from the sensors.
• This aggregation increases the value of
data by increasing, the scale, scope, and frequency of data available for analysis.
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Standards Challenge
Technological Standardization in most
areas are still remain disintegrate
Managing and develop rapid innovation is
a challenge for governments
Privacy and security
Absence of governance
Vulnerability to internet attack
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Intelligent Analysis & Actions
• The last stage in IoT
implementation is extracting
insights from data for analysis,
where analysis is driven by
thinking technologies and the
accompanying models that
facilitate the use of thinking
technologies.
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Intelligent Analysis & Actions
• Factors driving adoption intelligent analytics
within the IoT
• Artificial intelligence models can be improved
with large data sets that are more readily
available than ever before, thanks to the lower
storage
• Growth in crowdsourcing and open- source
analytics software: Cloud-based crowdsourcing
services are leading to new algorithms and
improvements in existing ones at an
unprecedented rate.
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Other IoT challenges• Deployment challenges in IoT :
• Connectivity: It is the foremost concern while connecting devices, applications and
cloud platforms.
• Cross platform capability: IoT applications must be developed, keeping in mind the
technological changes of the future.
• It is a challenge for IoT application developers to ensure that the device and IoT
platform drivers the best performance despite heavy device rates and fixings.
• Data collection and processing: In IoT development, data plays an important role.
What is more critical here is the processing or usefulness of stored data.
• Lack of skill set: All the development challenges above can only be handled if there is
a proper skilled resource working on the IoT application development.
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Other IoT challenges• Design challenge in IoT:
1.Battery life is a limitation: Issues in packaging and integration of small-
sized chip with low weight and less power consumption.
2.Increased cost and time to market: Embedded systems are lightly
constrained by cost.
3.Security of the system: Systems have to be designed and implemented
to be robust and reliable and have to be secure with cryptographic
algorithms and security procedures.
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Enterprise IoT Challenge
• Many experts understand that this technology is the future,
and the IoT gives certain competitive advantages to any
enterprise that can adapt it to its needs.
• The main challenges associated with the implementation of
the IoT in enterprise are:
• Inability to link all the data together and process it effectively
• Incompetence in establishing same technology standards to make
all connected devices ‘understand’ each other
• Inability to deal with security and data privacy threats
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Business Challenges• The bottom line is a big motivation for
starting, investing in, and operating any
business, without a sound and solid
business model for IoT we will have
another bubble , this model must satisfy
all the requirements for all kinds of e-
commerce; vertical markets, horizontal
markets, and consumer markets.
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Business Challenges• IoT can be divided into 3 categories, based on usage and client's
base:
• Consumer IoT includes the connected devices such as smart cars,
phones, watches, laptops, connected appliances, and entertainment
systems.
• Commercial IoT includes things like inventory controls, device
trackers, and connected medical devices.
• Industrial IoT covers such things as connected electric meters,
wastewater systems, flow gauges, pipeline monitors, manufacturing
robots, and other types of connected industrial devices and systems.
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Clearly, it is important to understand the value chain and business model for the IoT applications for each category of IoT.
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Challenges
Security
Reliability
Heterogeneity
Large ScaleBig Data
Legal and Social
Aspects
Demand Response Barriers
IoT More challenges
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Challenges on IoT: Reliability
• IoT-based systems cause some reliability
problems.
• For example, due to cars’ mobility, the
interconnection among them is not very
reliable.
• Moreover, the participation of huge numbers
of smart technologies would lead to some
reliability challenges, particularly regarding
their failure.
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Challenges on IoT: Heterogeneity
• In IoT systems, the authorities have to
examine their goal scenarios, define the
needed hardware/software and afterward
aggregate these heterogeneous subsystems.
• Providing such substructures and the
procurement of a proper cooperating
scheme among them is indeed a major
challenging mission for IoT systems.
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Challenges on IoT: Large Scale
• The IoT system provides a proper platform which is
able to analyze, and aggregate information
extracted from various devices.
• However, this large-scale data needs proper
storage and computational ability because it is
gathered at high rates that lead to the usual
challenges to be more difficult to cope with.
• In addition, the distribution of the IoT devices can
influence the monitoring actions, since the devices
have to deal with delays related to dynamics and
connectivity.
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Challenges on IoT: Big Data
• It is clear that the IoT substructures would
be some of these significant sources of big
data.
• In big data problems, three main
specifications are highlighted, consisting of
the number, speed as well as variance.
• Hence, smart meter information is received
according to these specifications.
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Challenges on IoT: Demand Response Barriers
• Suitable electricity market• Regulation and policies• Communication limits
Framework Barriers
• Convince customers and making incentives• Profit and loss and return on investment
Providers Barriers
• Lack of knowledge• Expensive equipment and technology availability• Potential saving money
Customer Barriers
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Conclusion • Various components are involved which work together to form an organized
system, In General, there are two major components to the Internet of Things;
thigs and embedded system.
• Each device which is connected to IoT ecosystem, increases chance of
different challenges
• New business models and new currencies in the IoT Trust, Ethics, control
society, surveillance, consent and data driven life, and Technological
challenges driven by the need to save energy.
• Other challenges, including Security, Connectivity, Compatibility & Longevity,
and Intelligent Analysis & Actions.
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Conclusion• IoT will have to face many other challenges on the way to future as our
requirements and technology gets complex every year.
• The demand for a smarter and efficient connected world will have to
overcome all the challenges to emerge and sustain in the advanced
technology era.
• Internet of Things has been evolving ever since it started its journey few years
back.
• New technologies and protocols joins IoT ecosystem to make it more
accessible, cost effective, energy efficient and most importantly secure.
• We will witness a continuous development in IoT due to huge demands in
different sectors.
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References• 7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• https://www.emnify.com/blog/iot-challenges-2023
• IoT Challenges, https://files.core.ac.uk/pdf/2612/81866225.pdf
• Challenges: Bridge between Cloud and IoT,
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1803/1803.02890.pdf
• Internet of Things (IoT) : Challenges and Future Directions
• https://www.ijarcce.com/upload/2016/march-16/IJARCCE%20226.pdf
• 4 CHALLENGES FOR IOT IMPLEMENTATION – AND HOW TO OVERCOME THEM
• HTTPS://WWW.SIEMENS-ADVANTA.COM/BLOG/IOT-
CHALLENGES?GCLID=CJ0KCQJWMPSSBHCNARISAH3CYGYYJKNKNPQ9GHXKP9R
BCM5NHCHQGH-OY0LOU2IJNF29SRVVXUCBVQOAAOVREALW_WCB
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Video/References• IoT Security Challenges (12 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zl2ZbdSeQVY
• Security claims vs. Security realities for IoT devices, Challenges building
security into IoT devices, What does security mean for IoT devices? …
• 5 Operational Challenges Holding Back IoT In The Oil & Gas Industry (5 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNFUHCJGkYo
• Since the expansion of IoT technology and sensors and the use of data
analytics, Oil and Gas has been one of the first verticals to begin the IoT
digital transformation. However, there are business intelligence and analytics
challenges that are preventing the IoT from fully taking hold.
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